TIMELINE
Victory at Yorktown (1781)
Victory at Yorktown (1781) The Battle of Yorktown fought in 1781, marked a pivotal moment in the American Revolutionary War, a conflict that had been raging since 1775. The war was rooted in the growing discontent of the American colonies towards British rule,...
Stellar & Galactic Epoch (1 billion years – present) – Modern galaxies, stars, and planetary systems develop.
The cosmos is a vast expanse of time and space, a theatre of celestial phenomena that has captivated human imagination for millennia. The Stellar and Galactic Epoch represents a significant chapter in the history of the universe, encompassing the formation and...
Crossing the Delaware (1776)
The crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25-26, 1776, stands as a pivotal moment in the American Revolutionary War. This audacious manoeuvre was not merely a tactical operation; it was a bold statement of resolve and determination by General George...
Reionization Epoch (150 million – 1 billion years) – The first stars and galaxies form.
The Reionization Epoch represents a pivotal chapter in the history of the universe, occurring approximately between 400 million and 1 billion years after the Big Bang. This period is characterised by the transition of the universe from a neutral state, dominated by...
Dark Ages (380,000 – 150 million years) – No stars exist yet, only neutral hydrogen.
The term “Dark Ages” often evokes images of a time shrouded in mystery and obscurity, yet in the context of cosmology, it refers to a specific epoch in the universe’s history, approximately spanning from 380,000 years after the Big Bang to about one...
Recombination Epoch (380,000 years) – Atoms form, and the first light (CMB) is released.
The Recombination Epoch marks a pivotal moment in the history of the universe, occurring approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang. During this period, the universe underwent a significant transformation as it cooled sufficiently to allow protons and electrons to...
Photon Epoch (10 sec – 380,000 years) – The universe is filled with high-energy radiation.
The Photon Epoch is a critical phase in the early universe, occurring approximately between 10 seconds and 380,000 years after the Big Bang. During this period, the universe was a hot, dense soup of particles, primarily composed of photons, electrons, positrons, and...
Lepton Epoch (1 sec – 10 sec) – Electrons and neutrinos dominate, and nuclear reactions begin.
The Lepton Epoch represents a significant phase in the early universe, occurring approximately between 10 seconds and 1 second after the Big Bang. During this period, the universe was a hot, dense soup of fundamental particles, primarily leptons, which include...
Quark Epoch (10⁻¹² – 10⁻⁶ sec) – The universe consists of a quark-gluon plasma.
The Quark Epoch represents a pivotal moment in the early universe, occurring approximately 10^-12 seconds after the Big Bang. During this brief yet critical period, the universe was in a state of extreme temperature and density, where conventional matter as we know it...
Electroweak Epoch (10⁻³² – 10⁻¹² sec) – The weak nuclear force separates from electromagnetism.
The Electroweak Epoch represents a pivotal moment in the early universe, occurring approximately between (10^{-12}) and (10^{-6}) seconds after the Big Bang. During this brief yet significant period, the fundamental forces of electromagnetism and the weak nuclear...
Inflationary Epoch (10⁻³⁶ – 10⁻³² sec) – The universe expands exponentially.
The Inflationary Epoch represents a pivotal moment in the early universe, occurring approximately 10^-36 to 10^-32 seconds after the Big Bang. This brief yet transformative period is characterised by an exponential expansion of space, which fundamentally altered the...
Grand Unification Epoch (10⁻⁴³ – 10⁻³⁶ sec) – Strong nuclear force separates from other fundamental forces.
The Grand Unification Epoch represents a pivotal moment in the early history of the universe, occurring approximately between (10^{-36}) and (10^{-32}) seconds after the Big Bang. During this brief yet monumental period, the fundamental forces of nature—specifically...