{"id":1279,"date":"2016-04-26T18:58:00","date_gmt":"2016-04-26T17:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?page_id=1279"},"modified":"2025-09-12T17:10:26","modified_gmt":"2025-09-12T16:10:26","slug":"1st-of-september","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/1st-of-september\/","title":{"rendered":"1st of September: Time, Traditions &#038; Turning Points in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"305\" data-end=\"372\"><strong data-start=\"309\" data-end=\"372\">September 1st: Time, Traditions &amp; Turning Points in History<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"823\">September 1st marks not only the start of meteorological autumn in the Northern Hemisphere but also a date rich with pivotal moments in world history\u2014from geopolitical shifts to groundbreaking inventions and cultural milestones. In this article, we explore its <strong data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"660\">calendar significance<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"662\" data-end=\"684\">global observances<\/strong>, the <strong data-start=\"690\" data-end=\"719\">biggest historical events<\/strong>, plus a handy <strong data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"746\">timeline<\/strong> and a <strong data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"766\">fun facts<\/strong> section to enrich your knowledge of this remarkable day.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"825\" data-end=\"828\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"880\"><strong data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"880\">Where September 1st Falls on the Calendar<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"1532\">\n<li data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"1039\">\n<p data-start=\"884\" data-end=\"1039\"><strong data-start=\"884\" data-end=\"903\">Day of the year<\/strong>: September 1st is the <strong data-start=\"926\" data-end=\"939\">244th day<\/strong> of the Gregorian calendar (245th in leap years), with <strong data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"1006\">121 days<\/strong> remaining before the new year.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1284\">\n<p data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1062\"><strong data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1061\">Seasonal marker<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1284\">\n<li data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1179\">\n<p data-start=\"1067\" data-end=\"1179\"><strong data-start=\"1067\" data-end=\"1090\">Northern Hemisphere<\/strong>: Officially ushers in autumn\u2014fresh school terms, changing leaves, and a shift in pace.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1284\">\n<p data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1284\"><strong data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1207\">Southern Hemisphere<\/strong>: Signals the beginning of spring\u2014renewal, flower blooms, and fresh warmth.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1391\">\n<p data-start=\"1287\" data-end=\"1391\"><strong data-start=\"1287\" data-end=\"1302\">Zodiac sign<\/strong>: <strong data-start=\"1304\" data-end=\"1313\">Virgo<\/strong>\u2014associated with attention to detail, intelligence, and analytical thinking.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1458\">\n<p data-start=\"1394\" data-end=\"1458\"><strong data-start=\"1394\" data-end=\"1408\">Birthstone<\/strong>: <strong data-start=\"1410\" data-end=\"1422\">Sapphire<\/strong>, symbolising wisdom and serenity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1459\" data-end=\"1532\">\n<p data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1532\"><strong data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1477\">Birth flower<\/strong>: <strong data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1488\">Aster<\/strong>, representing love, elegance, and patience.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1534\" data-end=\"1537\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1539\" data-end=\"1579\"><strong data-start=\"1544\" data-end=\"1579\">Global Traditions &amp; Observances<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1696\">Though not as universally celebrated as some dates, September 1st carries importance in various regions and causes:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"2274\">\n<li data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1821\">\n<p data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1821\"><strong data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1728\">World Letter Writing Day<\/strong>: A nod to old-school communication\u2014encouraging handwritten letters in today&#8217;s digital age.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1822\" data-end=\"1967\">\n<p data-start=\"1824\" data-end=\"1967\"><strong data-start=\"1824\" data-end=\"1857\">Independence Day (Uzbekistan)<\/strong>: Marks the nation\u2019s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991\u2014honoured with parades and cultural festivals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1968\" data-end=\"2122\">\n<p data-start=\"1970\" data-end=\"2122\"><strong data-start=\"1970\" data-end=\"2000\"><a title=\"26th of August: Historical Events, and Traditions Around the World\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/26th-of-august\/\">Veterans Day<\/a> (North Korea)<\/strong>: Recognises the founding of the Korean People&#8217;s Army in 1948\u2014marked through military ceremonies and patriotic displays.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2274\">\n<p data-start=\"2125\" data-end=\"2274\"><strong data-start=\"2125\" data-end=\"2175\">Knowledge Day (Russia, Ukraine, Baltic States)<\/strong>: A traditional back-to-school celebration featuring flowers, bells, and new academic beginnings.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2276\" data-end=\"2429\">These observances highlight how September 1st touches on themes of education, independence, remembrance, and personal connection across diverse cultures.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2431\" data-end=\"2434\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2436\" data-end=\"2484\"><strong data-start=\"2440\" data-end=\"2484\">Major Historical Events on September 1st<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2486\" data-end=\"2643\">Let\u2019s take a journey through some of the most impactful moments that occurred on this date, running through culture, politics, science, and human resilience.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2645\" data-end=\"2648\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2650\" data-end=\"2697\"><strong data-start=\"2655\" data-end=\"2697\">1. 1939 \u2013 The Outbreak of World War II<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2699\" data-end=\"2956\">September 1, 1939, marks the beginning of World War II\u2014when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland. This act triggered Britain and France to declare war, unleashing a global conflict that would reshape the world order and impact billions of lives.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2958\" data-end=\"2961\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2963\" data-end=\"3013\"><strong data-start=\"2968\" data-end=\"3013\">2. 1666 \u2013 The Great Fire of London Begins<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3015\" data-end=\"3264\">On this day in 1666, a spark in a bakery on Pudding Lane sparked the Great Fire of London. Over four days, flames consumed much of the medieval city, leading to massive rebuilding efforts and major improvements in fire prevention and urban planning.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3266\" data-end=\"3269\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3271\" data-end=\"3323\"><strong data-start=\"3276\" data-end=\"3323\">3. 1923 \u2013 Foundation of the State of Turkey<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3325\" data-end=\"3549\">Following the fall of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk proclaimed the founding of modern Turkey on September 1, 1923\u2014a milestone in decades of national transformation and a shift toward secularism and modernisation.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3551\" data-end=\"3554\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3556\" data-end=\"3629\"><strong data-start=\"3561\" data-end=\"3629\">4. 1939 \u2013 First Peace-Time Use of Radar in the Battle of Britain<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3631\" data-end=\"3827\">That same September 1, British forces employed radar for the first time in aerial warfare, detecting incoming German bombers and significantly influencing Britain\u2019s defensive strategy during WWII.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3829\" data-end=\"3832\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3834\" data-end=\"3890\"><strong data-start=\"3839\" data-end=\"3890\">5. 1983 \u2013 Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Shot Down<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3892\" data-end=\"4144\">In one of the <a title=\"The Yalta Conference: Shaping the Post-WWII World\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/the-yalta-conference-shaping-the-post-wwii-world\/\">Cold War\u2019s<\/a> most tragic episodes, Soviet forces shot down a Korean airliner approaching restricted airspace over Russia. All on board perished, raising international tensions and intensifying scrutiny of air safety and international diplomacy.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4146\" data-end=\"4149\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4151\" data-end=\"4196\"><strong data-start=\"4156\" data-end=\"4196\">6. 1985 \u2013 Discovery of Titanic Wreck<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4198\" data-end=\"4432\">A team revealed the long-lost wreck of the RMS Titanic, a momentous archaeological and historical triumph. Found nearly 2.5 miles beneath the North Atlantic, the ship\u2019s remains revived global fascination with the tragic 1912 disaster.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4434\" data-end=\"4437\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4439\" data-end=\"4511\"><strong data-start=\"4444\" data-end=\"4511\">7. 2019 \u2013 Greenland Records Earth\u2019s Highest Surface Temperature<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4513\" data-end=\"4671\">On September 1, 2019, <a title=\"Greenland\u00a0(Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenlandic))\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/greenland-kalaallit-nunaat-greenlandic\/\">Greenland recorded<\/a> an unprecedented <strong data-start=\"4571\" data-end=\"4589\">100.3\u00b0F (38\u00b0C)<\/strong>\u2014a stark reminder of climate change\u2019s impact in even the planet\u2019s coldest regions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4673\" data-end=\"4676\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4678\" data-end=\"4708\"><strong data-start=\"4683\" data-end=\"4708\">Other Notable Events:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4975\">\n<li data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4794\">\n<p data-start=\"4712\" data-end=\"4794\"><strong data-start=\"4712\" data-end=\"4720\">1715<\/strong> \u2013 Death of King Louis XIV of France after an astonishing 72-year reign.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4795\" data-end=\"4857\">\n<p data-start=\"4797\" data-end=\"4857\"><strong data-start=\"4797\" data-end=\"4805\">1904<\/strong> \u2013 Opening of the first New York City subway line.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4858\" data-end=\"4975\">\n<p data-start=\"4860\" data-end=\"4975\"><strong data-start=\"4860\" data-end=\"4868\">1969<\/strong> \u2013 Cherokee National Holiday begins\u2014the largest Native American celebration emphasising heritage and unity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4977\" data-end=\"4980\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4982\" data-end=\"5039\"><strong data-start=\"4986\" data-end=\"5039\">Chronological Timeline of Events on September 1st<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"5041\" data-end=\"5909\">\n<thead data-start=\"5041\" data-end=\"5119\">\n<tr data-start=\"5041\" data-end=\"5119\">\n<th data-start=\"5041\" data-end=\"5051\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Year<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5051\" data-end=\"5119\" data-col-size=\"md\">Event<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"5199\" data-end=\"5909\">\n<tr data-start=\"5199\" data-end=\"5278\">\n<td data-start=\"5199\" data-end=\"5209\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1666<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5209\" data-end=\"5278\" data-col-size=\"md\">Great Fire of London begins.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5279\" data-end=\"5357\">\n<td data-start=\"5279\" data-end=\"5289\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1715<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"5289\" data-end=\"5357\">Death of King Louis XIV.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5358\" data-end=\"5435\">\n<td data-start=\"5358\" data-end=\"5368\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1904<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5368\" data-end=\"5435\" data-col-size=\"md\">NYC opens its first subway line.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5436\" data-end=\"5514\">\n<td data-start=\"5436\" data-end=\"5446\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1923<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5446\" data-end=\"5514\" data-col-size=\"md\">Foundation of the Republic of Turkey.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5515\" data-end=\"5592\">\n<td data-start=\"5515\" data-end=\"5525\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1939<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5525\" data-end=\"5592\" data-col-size=\"md\">Germany invades Poland; WWII begins.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5593\" data-end=\"5671\">\n<td data-start=\"5593\" data-end=\"5603\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1939<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5603\" data-end=\"5671\" data-col-size=\"md\">First military use of radar in Battle of Britain.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5672\" data-end=\"5750\">\n<td data-start=\"5672\" data-end=\"5682\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1983<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5682\" data-end=\"5750\" data-col-size=\"md\">Korean Air Lines Flight 007 shot down.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5751\" data-end=\"5829\">\n<td data-start=\"5751\" data-end=\"5761\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1985<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5761\" data-end=\"5829\" data-col-size=\"md\">Titanic wreck discovered.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5830\" data-end=\"5909\">\n<td data-start=\"5830\" data-end=\"5840\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2019<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"5840\" data-end=\"5909\" data-col-size=\"md\">Greenland records highest sustained surface temperature.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"5911\" data-end=\"5914\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5916\" data-end=\"5957\"><strong data-start=\"5920\" data-end=\"5957\">Famous Birthdays on September 1st<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"5959\" data-end=\"6244\">\n<li data-start=\"5959\" data-end=\"6037\">\n<p data-start=\"5961\" data-end=\"6037\"><strong data-start=\"5961\" data-end=\"5987\">1901 \u2013 Horacio Quiroga<\/strong>: Influential Latin American short-story writer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6038\" data-end=\"6114\">\n<p data-start=\"6040\" data-end=\"6114\"><strong data-start=\"6040\" data-end=\"6064\">1906 \u2013 Dennis Miller<\/strong>: Renowned American comedian and talk show host.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6115\" data-end=\"6189\">\n<p data-start=\"6117\" data-end=\"6189\"><strong data-start=\"6117\" data-end=\"6141\">1940 \u2013 Gloria Gaynor<\/strong>: Singer of the disco anthem \u201cI Will Survive.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6244\">\n<p data-start=\"6192\" data-end=\"6244\"><strong data-start=\"6192\" data-end=\"6210\">1973 \u2013 Zendaya<\/strong>: Acclaimed actress and performer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"6246\" data-end=\"6249\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6251\" data-end=\"6290\"><strong data-start=\"6255\" data-end=\"6290\">Notable Deaths on September 1st<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"6292\" data-end=\"6580\">\n<li data-start=\"6292\" data-end=\"6378\">\n<p data-start=\"6294\" data-end=\"6378\"><strong data-start=\"6294\" data-end=\"6319\">1901 \u2013 Queen Victoria<\/strong>: End of an era following 63 years on the British throne.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6379\" data-end=\"6517\">\n<p data-start=\"6381\" data-end=\"6517\"><strong data-start=\"6381\" data-end=\"6402\">1983 \u2013 Sally Ride<\/strong>: First American woman in space, though she passed in July\u2014efforts to honor her legacy continue around this date.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6518\" data-end=\"6580\">\n<p data-start=\"6520\" data-end=\"6580\"><strong data-start=\"6520\" data-end=\"6545\">2014 \u2013 Howard Johnson<\/strong>: Iconic American singer and actor.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"6582\" data-end=\"6585\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6587\" data-end=\"6624\"><strong data-start=\"6591\" data-end=\"6624\">Fun Facts about September 1st<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"6626\" data-end=\"7164\">\n<li data-start=\"6626\" data-end=\"6728\">\n<p data-start=\"6628\" data-end=\"6728\"><strong data-start=\"6628\" data-end=\"6660\">End of meteorological summer<\/strong>: Statistically marks the start of new seasons in weather reports.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6729\" data-end=\"6893\">\n<p data-start=\"6731\" data-end=\"6893\"><strong data-start=\"6731\" data-end=\"6772\">Rare \u201cEarthquake Day\u201d (but not quite)<\/strong>: September 1 is Near International Day of Disaster Risk Reduction, raising attention to natural disaster preparedness.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6894\" data-end=\"7041\">\n<p data-start=\"6896\" data-end=\"7041\"><strong data-start=\"6896\" data-end=\"6919\">Shared Independence<\/strong>: A rare alignment\u2014Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Trinidad &amp; Tobago all observe independence or awareness around this date.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7042\" data-end=\"7164\">\n<p data-start=\"7044\" data-end=\"7164\"><strong data-start=\"7044\" data-end=\"7063\">Literary Echoes<\/strong>: September 1 opens Nabokov\u2019s novel <em data-start=\"7099\" data-end=\"7110\">Pale Fire<\/em> and is referenced several times in global literature.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"7166\" data-end=\"7169\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"7171\" data-end=\"7204\"><strong data-start=\"7175\" data-end=\"7204\">Why September 1st Matters<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"7206\" data-end=\"7477\">September 1st stands at a crossroads of history\u2014where ancient fires reshape cities, wars redefine borders, cultural revolutions begin, and environmental warning signs mount. It\u2019s a reminder that every date is layered with moments of hope, tragedy, innovation, and change.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7479\" data-end=\"7482\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"7484\" data-end=\"7520\"><strong data-start=\"7489\" data-end=\"7520\">Conclusion &amp; Call-to-Action<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"7522\" data-end=\"7692\">What moment do <em data-start=\"7537\" data-end=\"7542\">you<\/em> find most compelling\u2014<a title=\"WWII: History, Dates, Causes, and Timeline of World Wars\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/wwii-history-dates-causes-and-timeline-of-world-wars\/\">World Wars<\/a>, the Titanic discovery, or maybe unexpected climate records? Let\u2019s keep the conversation alive in the comments below!<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"7694\" data-end=\"7720\">Want more daily history?<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7721\" data-end=\"7881\">\n<li data-start=\"7721\" data-end=\"7762\">\n<p data-start=\"7723\" data-end=\"7762\"><strong data-start=\"7723\" data-end=\"7760\">Bookmark our \u201cOn This Day\u201d series<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7763\" data-end=\"7816\">\n<p data-start=\"7765\" data-end=\"7816\"><strong data-start=\"7765\" data-end=\"7787\">Share this article<\/strong> with fellow history lovers<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7817\" data-end=\"7881\">\n<p data-start=\"7819\" data-end=\"7881\"><strong data-start=\"7819\" data-end=\"7832\">Subscribe<\/strong> to Earth Site for fascinating stories every day.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"7883\" data-end=\"7961\">Thanks for reading, and may your curiosity always lead you to new discoveries!<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<dl class=\"tdih_list\"><dt class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/dt><dd><span class=\"tdih_event_year\"><\/span>  <span class=\"tdih_event_name\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/Images\/calender days\/Sep01.png\" alt=\"September the 1st\" width=\"274\" height=\"252\" align=\"left\" border=\"0\" hspace=\"12\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/span><\/dd><dd><span class=\"tdih_event_year\">1939<\/span>  <span class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>In 1939, Germany invaded Poland<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Five\u00a0<a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">German<\/a>\u00a0armies totalling 1.5 million troops advance on\u00a0<a title=\"Poland\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/poland\">Poland<\/a> on several fronts while their planes attack from the air, bombing cities including the capital of Warsaw. This undeclared act of war without provocation angered the world, while <a title=\"England\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/england\">England<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"France\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\">France<\/a>\u00a0prepared for war with Germany in response.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">In February 1938, the <a title=\"Austria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/austria\">Austrian<\/a> Chancellor Dr. Kurt von Schuschnigg met with German leader, Hitler, to reassert Austria\u2019s sovereignty. In the meeting, Hitler bullied the Austrian chancellor into allowing Nazi officers to fill high positions in the Austrian government, threatening that if he didn\u2019t comply, then German forces would march in and take the country by force. Dr Schuschnigg attempted to hold a referendum in the country on the 9<sup>th<\/sup> of March, but before the vote could be taken, Hitler pressured the chancellor into resigning, and on the 12<sup>th<\/sup> of March 1938, Hitler rolled into Austria with his troops and officially annexed the country to Nazi Germany.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hitler had wanted to take Czechoslovakia for a long time, but he had been warned by his generals that the natural defences and strong army made it almost unconquerable. The natural defences they referred to were the mountains in the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, which made a virtually impenetrable barrier between Germany and Czechoslovakia. There were even plots in place to assassinate Hitler if he attempted such a foolish act, but the largest powers of Europe would soon make a massive mistake. After Hitler had taken Austria, with no real effort, the powers of Europe were eager to stop Hitler\u2019s advance. In September 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler at his mountain-top retreat. Hitler said he would invade and occupy Czechoslovakia unless Britain supported his plans to take the Czech region of Sudetenland (Sudetenland was full of German descendants and German loyalists, and Hitler claimed he just wanted to unite the German people). Chamberlin discussed the situation with French leader, Edouard Daladier, and they met with Hitler on the 29<sup>th<\/sup> of September 1938 to sign the Munich Agreement. This Agreement said that Britain and France would support Germany\u2019s takeover of Sudetenland on the understanding that Germany would make no more attempts to expand its borders. Predictably, once Hitler had the Sudetenland, he continued the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Hitler also pressured Czechoslovakia into giving Independence to Slovakia, leaving the rest (now the <a title=\"Czech Republic\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/czech-republic\">Czech Republic<\/a>) even more defenceless. On the 15<sup>th<\/sup> of March 1939, Hitler\u2019s forces invaded Czechoslovakia, and by the evening, Hitler made his \u2018Triumphant\u2019 entrance into the capital city of Prague. Chamberlin realised his blunder in trusting diplomacy with a man like Hitler, and he now knew there would be little he could do to prevent war with such a man.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the 31st of March 1939, Britain and France pledged their support for Poland in the event that the country was invaded.\u00a0 The declaration was made to Poland in the event of an invasion by any force, but had been drawn up with Hitler specifically in mind. On the 26<sup>th<\/sup> of August, the \u2018Polish-British Common Defence Act\u2019 (or the Anglo-English military alliance) was signed, which pushed back Hitler\u2019s planned invasion date. But it didn\u2019t deter Hitler entirely, and on the 1<sup>st<\/sup> of September 1939, he invaded Poland. 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