{"id":19387,"date":"2025-01-31T18:26:07","date_gmt":"2025-01-31T18:26:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?page_id=19387"},"modified":"2025-01-31T18:27:43","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T18:27:43","slug":"year-1912","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/year-1912\/","title":{"rendered":"Year 1912"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->         .btn-grad {background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #348F50 0%, #56B4D3  51%, #348F50  100%)}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->         .btn-grad {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            margin: 10px auto;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            padding: 15px 45px;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-align: center;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-transform: uppercase;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            transition: 0.5s;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            background-size: 200% auto;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            color: white; 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_builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->         .btn-grad {background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #348F50 0%, #56B4D3  51%, #348F50  100%)}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->         .btn-grad {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            margin: 10px auto;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            padding: 15px 45px;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-align: center;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-transform: uppercase;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            transition: 0.5s;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            background-size: 200% auto;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            color: white;            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            box-shadow: 0 0 20px #eee;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            border-radius: 10px;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            display: block;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          .btn-grad:hover {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            background-position: right center; \/* change the direction of the change here *\/<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            color: #fff;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-decoration: none;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->  .buttonContainer {margin:0 auto;display:block;text-align:center;}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/style>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div class=\"buttonContainer\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <a title=\"Nineteen Hundreds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/nineteen-hundreds\/\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <button class=\"btn-grad\" data-v-766eb970=\"\"> 1900&#8217;s <\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <\/a><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> [\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><!-- divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<table class=\"tdih_table\"><thead><th class=\"tdih_event_date\">Date<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_type\">Type<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_name\">Event<\/th><\/thead><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1912-01-18<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1912\u00a0<a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">British<\/a> explorer Robert Falcon Scott finally made his way to the South Pole. <\/strong>\r\n\r\nOn arrival, he discovered that the <a title=\"Norway\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/norway\">Norwegian<\/a>\u00a0explorer, Roald Amundsen, had beaten him to his goal by just one month. Distraught Scott had to turn around and make the arduous journey home.\r\n\r\nRobert Falcon Scott, a British naval officer and explorer, is renowned for his heroic but ultimately tragic attempt to be the first to reach the South Pole. His journey during the <strong>Terra Nova Expedition (1910\u20131913)<\/strong> is a story of remarkable determination, scientific achievement, and heartbreaking loss.\r\n\r\nScott was born on <span style=\"font-size: 16px\">June 6, 1868, in Devonport, <a title=\"England\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/england\">England<\/a>. He<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">\u00a0joined the Royal Navy at 13 and rose through the ranks. His first Antarctic experience came during the <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 16px\">Discovery Expedition (1901\u20131904)<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">, where he established himself as a capable leader and explorer.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe Terra Nova Expedition, named after its ship, was Scott's second Antarctic venture. Scott's team consisted of 65 men, including scientists, seamen, and support staff. He employed a combination of ponies, dogs, and motor sledges to haul supplies\u2014a controversial approach that proved problematic.\r\n\r\nUnbeknownst to Scott, Norwegian explorer <strong>Roald Amundsen<\/strong> was also racing to the South Pole. Amundsen used lighter sledges and relied exclusively on dogs, which were better suited to the harsh Antarctic conditions.\r\n\r\nOn <strong>January 18, 1912<\/strong>, Scott and his team of four\u2014<strong>Edward Wilson, Henry Bowers, Lawrence Oates, and Edgar Evans<\/strong>\u2014finally reached the South Pole, only to discover Amundsen\u2019s Norwegian flag. Amundsen had arrived 33 days earlier on <strong>December 14, 1911<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nThe journey home proved catastrophic. <span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Edgar Evans succumbed to injuries and exhaustion in February 1912 and <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">Lawrence Oates, suffering from frostbite, walked into a blizzard on <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 16px\">March 17, 1912<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">, famously saying, <\/span><em style=\"font-size: 16px\">\u201cI am just going outside and may be some time.\u201d\u00a0<\/em>\r\n\r\nThe remaining three men faced relentless snowstorms and dwindling supplies. They perished in their tent in late March, just 11 miles from a supply depot. Scott\u2019s final camp was discovered eight months later, in November 1912. His diary, preserved in the icy conditions, revealed the harrowing details of the journey. The expedition\u2019s scientific achievements, including fossil discoveries supporting the theory of continental drift, were overshadowed by the tragedy.\r\n\r\nScott was celebrated as a national hero in Britain, epitomizing courage, endurance, and sacrifice. However, later analyses criticized his leadership, logistical decisions, and reliance on unsuitable equipment. Despite this, Scott\u2019s story remains a poignant symbol of human aspiration and the limits of endurance.\r\n\r\nThe Norwegian explorers, particularly <strong>Roald Amundsen<\/strong>, played a pivotal role in Antarctic exploration, with Amundsen becoming the first person to reach the <strong>South Pole<\/strong> on <strong>December 14, 1911<\/strong>. Norway\u2019s seafaring tradition, combined with a deep understanding of polar environments, positioned these explorers as some of the most skilled and successful in polar history.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1912-02-12<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1912<\/strong>\u00a0the <a title=\"The Last Emperor of China: Aisin-Gioro Puyi\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/the-last-emperor-of-china-aisin-gioro-puyi\/\">last emperor of\u00a0China, Aisin-Gioro Puyi<\/a>, abdicated ending imperial rule in <a title=\"China\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/china\/\">China<\/a> after more than 2,000 years. The First Chinese emperor dates back to Qin Shi Huang in 221BC and the forming of the Qin Dynasty. Xuantong Emperor Puyi, as he was known, became emperor on the 2<sup>nd<\/sup>\u00a0of December aged 2 and was forced to abdicate after the Xinhai Revolution aged just 4 years old. The Xinhai Revolution was in 1911 and led to the creation of the Republic of China and ended with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1912-04-13<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><h4><strong>In 1912 the Royal Flying Corps was created<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nA little over 2 years before the start of World War 1, the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">British <\/a>Army created the Royal Air Corps as a reconnaissance division of the Army. Balloons had been used in wars before for reconnaissance of the enemy\u2019s position, but this was the first time the British army had employed planes for that use. Britain was a couple of years behind the <a title=\"France\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\">French<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">German<\/a> armies that had been using reconnaissance planes since 1910. The French were the first nation to see the benefit of using planes in military combat. Many couldn\u2019t see an advantage to planes over balloons or even the cavalry, but the new military weapons of the day, such as a well-prepared artillery battery, made cavalry charges almost impossible. The Poem \u201cCharge of the Light Brigade\u201d talks of one such encounter with the British light cavalry almost obliterated as it was wrongly sent against a Russian artillery battery on the 25<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of October 1854 during the Crimean War. The effectiveness of planes for military observation would be proven after the outbreak of World War I (on the 28<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of July 1914). On the 22<sup>nd<\/sup> of October, a British Captain and Lieutenant spotted the German army preparing to surround the British Expeditionary Force. Their report allowed the BEF to retreat and possibly saved the lives of the 100,000 soldiers. Initially, Britain relied heavily on France's air corps for reconnaissance, but leading up to and during the First World War, Britain began to catch up in its use of military aircraft. When the Royal Flying Corps became the Royal Air Force (RAF) on the 1<sup>st<\/sup> of April 1918, it became the\u00a0world's first independent Air Force with an Air Force equal to, and not subordinate to, the Army or Navy.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1912-04-15<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\">  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify; text-indent:36.0pt; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify; text-indent:36.0pt; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><span style=\"line-height:115%; font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">On this day in 1912<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \"> the worlds largest, fastest and most luxurious cruise ship, the Titanic, sinks  on its maiden voyage. On the 10<sup>th<\/sup> of April 1912 the Titanic left the  port of Southampton, <a href=\"..\/England.html\">England<\/a> on its maiden voyage to New York, <a href=\"..\/United States.html\">United States<\/a>  (via Cherbourg in <a href=\"..\/France.html\">France<\/a> and Queenstown (now Cobh) in <a href=\"..\/Ireland.html\">Ireland<\/a>).&nbsp;&nbsp; Carrying 2,224 passengers, including some of  the richest people in the world, the new cruise ship was thought to be the  safest cruise ship ever built. White Star Liners commissioned it&rsquo;s building by  Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast and the Titanic was built with 16 separate  airtight compartments. This design meant that even if the hull was penetrated  the rest of the airtight compartments would keep her afloat. In fact the  Titanic was designed to withstand four of these compartments being breached and  this led to many claiming that she was virtually unsinkable. As she crossed the  North Atlantic after leaving Queenstown, Ireland on the night of the 14<sup>th<\/sup> of April 1912 a large ice-burg was spotted in the water, but it was too late to  manoeuvre the ship enough to avoid the ice-burg. At 11:40 pm &lsquo;ships time&rsquo; the  ship collided with the ice-burg and it starboard side, slicing through six of  the airtight compartments. Ships time was calculated from when the sun would be  at the highest point on that day and making that mid-day. It has been  calculated that this would have been 4 hours and 27 minutes less than British  Sumer Time (BST) so the titanic would have hit the ice-burg at about 4:20am  (BST) on the 15<sup>th<\/sup> of April 1912. Just after midnight the SOS signal  was sent out and passengers were ordered to board the life boats. The Titanic  had only enough life boats for about half the passengers and so the order was  given for women and children first. With the panic most of the lifeboats were  launched at less than full capacity. As one side of the ship began to sink the  weight of the other half caused the Titanic to split in two about 2 hours and  20 minutes after the initial collision. More than 1,000 people were still  aboard the Titanic when she split and those lives were lost at sea. About 2  hours later RMS Carpathia arrived and brought aboard the 705 survivors, of the  2,224 passengers.<\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify; text-indent:36.0pt; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify; text-indent:36.0pt; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1912-11-14<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>In 1918 Czechoslovakia became a republic shortly after its independence was declared<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">With the First World War coming to an end the Austro-Hungarian Empire also began to collapse. On the 28<sup>th<\/sup> of October Czechoslovakia was granted freedom from the former empire and its people experienced independence for the first time in 300 years. Shortly after on the 14th of November 1918, Czechoslovakia became a republic with Tomas G. Masaryk as President and Karel Kramar as Prime Minister.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Czechoslovakia\u2019s independence didn\u2019t last for long. On the 15<sup>th<\/sup> of March 1939, Hitler invaded the country and during World War II the country's government was in exile in England. Czechoslovakia returned to independence after the war until it was dissolved on the 1<sup>st<\/sup>\u00a0of January 1993 when it became the\u00a0<a title=\"Czech Republic\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/czech-republic\">Czech Republic<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Slovakia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/slovakia\">Slovakia<\/a>.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->         .btn-grad {background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #348F50 0%, #56B4D3  51%, #348F50  100%)}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->         .btn-grad {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            margin: 10px auto;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            padding: 15px 45px;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-align: center;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-transform: uppercase;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            transition: 0.5s;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            background-size: 200% auto;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            color: white; 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