{"id":7,"date":"2015-10-16T16:48:26","date_gmt":"2015-10-16T15:48:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?page_id=7"},"modified":"2025-09-14T09:51:21","modified_gmt":"2025-09-14T08:51:21","slug":"biology-contents","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/biology-contents\/","title":{"rendered":"Biology Contents"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<div id=\"Layer2\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif';\"><i>Biology (from the Latin \u2018bios\u2019 meaning life and \u2018logia\u2019 meaning study of) is the study of all organisms and all aspects of their life-cycles.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; color: #454545; font-size: 30px; font-style: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\"><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;directory&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;center&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"http:\/\/earth-site.co.uk\/BiologyContentsDirectory\/\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600px\" frameborder=\"0\" align=\"center\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row padding_mobile=&#8221;off&#8221; column_padding_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|on&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; make_fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; use_custom_width=&#8221;off&#8221; width_unit=&#8221;on&#8221; disabled=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_accordion open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; open_toggle_background_color=&#8221;#3169d8&#8243; closed_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; closed_toggle_background_color=&#8221;#3169d8&#8243; icon_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Accordion&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; toggle_font_size=&#8221;30&#8243; toggle_letter_spacing=&#8221;1&#8243; body_text_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;30&#8243; body_letter_spacing=&#8221;1&#8243; toggle_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; toggle_font_size_phone=&#8221;23&#8243; toggle_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_accordion_item title=&#8221;Cells&#8221; open=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\">Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\">Cell Structure<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Common-Characteristics-of-all-cells\">Common Characteristics of all cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Cytoplasm\">Cytoplasm<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure#Plasma-Membrane\">Plasma Membrane<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Ribosomes\">Ribosomes<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#types-of-Cells\">Types of Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Prokaryotic-Cells\">Prokaryotic Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Bacterium-cell\">Bacteria cell<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Pili\">Pili<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Plasmids\">Plasmids<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Nucleoid\">Nucleoid<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Cell-Wall-of-Bacteria\">Bacteria Cell Wall<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Capsule\">Capsule<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Prokaryotic-Flagellum\">Prokaryotic Flagellum<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Eukaryotic-Cells\">Eukaryotic Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Similarities-of-Eukaryotic-Cells\">Similarities of Eukaryotic Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Nucleus\"> Nucleus<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Endoplasmic-Reticulum\">Endoplasmic Reticulum<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Rough-Endoplasmic-Reticulum\">Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum\">Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Golgi-Apparatus\">Golgi Apparatus<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Vacuole\">Vacuole<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Mitochondria\">Mitochondria<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Animal-Cells\">Animal Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Unique-Characteristics-of-Animal-Cells\">Unique Characteristics of Animal Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Lysosome\">Lysosome<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Plant-Cells\">Plant Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Unique-Characteristics-of-Plant-Cells\">Unique Characteristics of Plant Cells<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/cells-and-cell-structure\/#Chloroplast\">Chloroplast<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Cells and Cell Structure\" href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Plant-Cell-Wall\">Plant Cell Wall<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=&#8221;DNA&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"DNA\" href=\"dna\"> DNA (Dideoxynucleic acid)<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"DNA\" href=\"dna#structure\"> The Structure of DNA<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"DNA\" href=\"dna#Polynucleotides\">Polynucleotides<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=&#8221;Taxonomy&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; open=&#8221;off&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"linkfont\" title=\"Taxonomy &#8211; The Classification of Organisms\" href=\"\/Education\/Taxonomy\">Taxonomy<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kingdom<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"Animal Phylum &#8211; Phyla\" href=\"\/Education\/animal-phylum\">Phylum<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Class<\/p>\n<p>Order<\/p>\n<p>Family<\/p>\n<p>Genus<\/p>\n<p>Species<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_accordion_item][\/et_pb_accordion][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;4_4,4_4&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Biology<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Animal-Cell-Public-Domain.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;Biology animal cell&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;center&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Image&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; animation_duration=&#8221;500ms&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; animation=&#8221;fade_in&#8221; sticky=&#8221;off&#8221; always_center_on_mobile=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Text&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; border_color=&#8221;#ffffff&#8221; border_style=&#8221;solid&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Biology (from the Latin \u2018bios\u2019 meaning life and \u2018logia\u2019 meaning study of) is the study of all organisms and all aspects of their life-cycles. The subject of Biology, as we know it today, was born in the nineteenth century along with <a title=\"Physics Contents\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/physics-contents\/\">physics<\/a>, chemistry and the scientific method. Before then \u2018Natural Philosophy\u2019 which was the study of nature and the physical universe, included biology, chemistry and physics.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Natural Philosophy The study of our natural world is known to date back to the time of Mesopotamia around 3,100 BC but as this was the beginning of written historic record the study probably existed long before this time. \u00a0 Modern Biology The first great development of modern biology came from Charles Darwin, who is often referred to as the father of modern biology. Although known for his work \u2018On the Origin of Species\u2019 (published in 1859), Darwin produced nineteen additional publications, wrote hundreds of scientific papers and fourteen thousand letters, all of which laid the foundations for Biology as a subject we recognise today. Although he did not invent the theory of evolution, he certainly made the idea more accessible to the world. His theory was evolution by natural selection; where by an organism with a mutation may be better adapted to certain environmental changes and therefore improve their chance of survival.\u00a0 This means the organism with the useful mutation is more likely to survive, reproduce and hopefully pass on the useful mutation. Overtime species are able to adapt to the world around them and this process gave the Galapagos Islands (and the world) the rich diversity of its inhabitants. Deoxyribonucleic acid or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/dna\/\" title=\"DNA\">DNA<\/a> was first discovered in 1869 but its role was not known at the time. It was in 1943 that it was discovered that it is DNA that is responsible for programming the genetic makeup of organisms and passing on the mutations Darwin had discovered. This new understanding of how amino acids are programmed on a cellular level to make up various parts of the organism was a huge leap forward but new profound discoveries are being made everyday in the field of biology.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_blog fullwidth=&#8221;off&#8221; posts_number=&#8221;12&#8243; include_categories=&#8221;13&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.23&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_blog][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biology (from the Latin \u2018bios\u2019 meaning life and \u2018logia\u2019 meaning study of) is the study of all organisms and&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"<div id=\"Layer2\">\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \"><i>Biology (from the Latin \u2018bios\u2019 meaning life and \u2018logia\u2019 meaning study of) is the study of all organisms and all aspects of their life-cycles.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n  <table width=\"759\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"MsoTableGrid\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\">\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\"><a href=\"periodic-table-test\"><\/a><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><h3 class=\"MsoNormal style10\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\"><strong>Chapter 1. <a href=\"Taxonomy\" id=\"linkfont\">Taxonomy <\/a><\/strong><\/h3><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4 class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\"><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><span class=\"style1\">1.1 Kingdom <\/span><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\"><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><span class=\"style1\">1.2 <a href=\"\/Education\/animal-phylum\" id=\"linkfont\">Phylum<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><span class=\"style1\">1.3 Class<\/span><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><span class=\"style1\">1.4 Order<\/span><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><span class=\"style1\">1.5 Family<\/span><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><span class=\"style1\">1.6 Genus<\/span><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><span class=\"style1\">1.7 Species<\/span><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"237\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\"><a href=\"\/Education\/cells-test\"><img src=\"\/Education\/Images\/Test Your Knowledge.PNG\" alt=\"Test\" width=\"201\" height=\"50\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><h3><a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure\" id=\"linkfont\">Chapter 2 Cells <\/a><\/h3><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure\" id=\"linkfont\">Cell Structure <\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.1 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Common-Characteristics-of-all-cells\" id=\"linkfont\">Common  Characteristics of all cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.2 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Cytoplasm\" id=\"linkfont\">Cytoplasm<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.3 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Plasma-Membrane\" id=\"linkfont\">Plasma  Membrane<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.4 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Ribosomes\" id=\"linkfont\">Ribosomes<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.5 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#types-of-Cells\" id=\"linkfont\">Types of Cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.6 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Prokaryotic-Cells\" id=\"linkfont\">Prokaryotic  Cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.7 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Bacterium-cell\" id=\"linkfont\">Bacteria  cell<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td height=\"24\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.8 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Pili\" id=\"linkfont\">Pili<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.9 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Plasmids\" id=\"linkfont\">Plasmids<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.10 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Nucleoid\" id=\"linkfont\">Nucleoid<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.11 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Cell-Wall-of-Bacteria\" id=\"linkfont\">Bacteria Cell  Wall<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.12 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Capsule\" id=\"linkfont\">Capsule<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.13 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Prokaryotic-Flagellum\" id=\"linkfont\">Prokaryotic  Flagellum<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.14 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Eukaryotic-Cells\" id=\"linkfont\">Eukaryotic  Cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.15 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Similarities-of-Eukaryotic-Cells\" id=\"linkfont\">Similarities  of Eukaryotic Cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.16<a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Nucleus\" id=\"linkfont\"> Nucleus<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.17 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Endoplasmic-Reticulum\" id=\"linkfont\">Endoplasmic  Reticulum<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.18 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Rough-Endoplasmic-Reticulum\" id=\"linkfont\">Rough  Endoplasmic Reticulum<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.19 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Smooth-Endoplasmic-Reticulum\" id=\"linkfont\">Smooth  Endoplasmic Reticulum<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.20 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Golgi-Apparatus\" id=\"linkfont\">Golgi  Apparatus<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.21 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Vacuole\" id=\"linkfont\">Vacuole<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.22 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Mitochondria\" id=\"linkfont\">Mitochondria<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.23 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Animal-Cells\" id=\"linkfont\">Animal  Cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.24<a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Unique-Characteristics-of-Animal-Cells\" id=\"linkfont\"> Unique  Characteristics of Animal Cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.25 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Lysosome\" id=\"linkfont\">Lysosome<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.26 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Plant-Cells\" id=\"linkfont\">Plant  Cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.27 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Unique-Characteristics-of-Plant-Cells\" id=\"linkfont\">Unique  Characteristics of Plant Cells<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.28 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Chloroplast\" id=\"linkfont\">Chloroplast<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4>2.1.29 <a href=\"cells-and-cell-structure#Plant-Cell-Wall\" id=\"linkfont\">Plant Cell  Wall<\/a><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><\/h4><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><h3>Chapter 3 <a href=\"dna\" id=\"linkfont\"> DNA (Dideoxynucleic acid)<\/a><\/h3><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><h3><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><\/h3><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4><strong>3.1<a href=\"dna#structure\" id=\"linkfont\"> The Structure of DNA<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><blockquote>\r\n        <h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span>3.2 <strong><a href=\"dna#Polynucleotides\" id=\"linkfont\">Polynucleotides<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\r\n      <\/blockquote><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" class=\"style10\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><h3><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><\/h3><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n      <td valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><h4><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><\/h4><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"164\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid white 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\">\u00a0<\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"589\" valign=\"middle\" style=\"width:364.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid white 1.0pt;border-right:solid white 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;\"><span class=\"style10\"><\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/table>\r\n  <h2 style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-size: 30px; font-style: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\">Biology<\/h2>\r\n  <p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-size: 30px; font-style: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\"><img src=\"\/Education\/Images\/Biology\/Plant Cell Public Domain.PNG\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" alt=\"Biology\" \/><\/p>\r\n  <p style=\"box-sizing: border-box; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.1; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); font-size: 30px; font-style: normal; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n  <p style=\"font-variant:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:19.88px; orphans:auto; text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:1; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; display:inline !important; float:none; background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Verdana; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; \"> Biology (from the Latin \u2018bios\u2019 meaning life and \u2018logia\u2019 meaning study of) is the study of all organisms and all aspects of their life-cycles. The subject of Biology, as we know it today, was born in the nineteenth century along with physics, chemistry and the scientific method. Before then \u2018Natural Philosophy\u2019 which was the study of nature and the physical universe, included biology, chemistry and physics. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n  <p style=\"font-variant:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:19.88px; orphans:auto; text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:1; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; display:inline !important; float:none; background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Verdana; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; \">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n  <p style=\"font-variant:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:19.88px; orphans:auto; text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:1; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; display:inline !important; float:none; background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Verdana; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; \">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n  <p style=\"font-variant:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:19.88px; orphans:auto; text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:1; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; display:inline !important; float:none; background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Verdana; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; \">\u00a0 <\/p>\r\n  <p style=\"font-variant:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:19.88px; orphans:auto; text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:1; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; display:inline !important; float:none; background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Verdana; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; \">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n  <p style=\"font-variant:normal; letter-spacing:normal; line-height:19.88px; orphans:auto; text-align:justify; text-indent:0px; text-transform:none; white-space:normal; widows:1; word-spacing:0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width:0px; display:inline !important; float:none; background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Verdana; font-size:14px; color:rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; \">Natural Philosophy The study of our natural world is known to date back to the time of Mesopotamia around 3,100 BC but as this was the beginning of written historic record the study probably existed long before this time. \u00a0 Modern Biology The first great development of modern biology came from Charles Darwin, who is often referred to as the father of modern biology. Although known for his work \u2018On the Origin of Species\u2019 (published in 1859), Darwin produced nineteen additional publications, wrote hundreds of scientific papers and fourteen thousand letters, all of which laid the foundations for Biology as a subject we recognise today. Although he did not invent the theory of evolution, he certainly made the idea more accessible to the world. His theory was evolution by natural selection; where by an organism with a mutation may be better adapted to certain environmental changes and therefore improve their chance of survival.\u00a0 This means the organism with the useful mutation is more likely to survive, reproduce and hopefully pass on the useful mutation. Overtime species are able to adapt to the world around them and this process gave the Galapagos Islands (and the world) the rich diversity of its inhabitants. Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA was first discovered in 1869 but its role was not known at the time. It was in 1943 that it was discovered that it is DNA that is responsible for programming the genetic makeup of organisms and passing on the mutations Darwin had discovered. This new understanding of how amino acids are programmed on a cellular level to make up various parts of the organism was a huge leap forward but new profound discoveries are being made everyday in the field of biology.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n  <\/p>\r\n  <p>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<\/div>","_et_gb_content_width":"","_sitemap_exclude":false,"_sitemap_priority":"","_sitemap_frequency":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-7","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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