{"id":23823,"date":"2025-09-14T10:41:00","date_gmt":"2025-09-14T09:41:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?p=23823"},"modified":"2025-09-14T10:41:13","modified_gmt":"2025-09-14T09:41:13","slug":"year-1917","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/year-1917\/","title":{"rendered":"Year 1917"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; 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background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><!-- divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<table class=\"tdih_table\"><thead><th class=\"tdih_event_date\">Date<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_type\">Type<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_name\">Event<\/th><\/thead><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1917-03-08<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1917, \u2018<\/strong>The February Revolution\u2019 started in\u00a0<a title=\"Russia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/russia\">Russia<\/a>. It was the first part of the 1917 Russian revolution that would culminate in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the end of Tsarist rule in Russia and lead to the October Revolution in Russia, which was the start of Communism there (also known as Red October). The \u2018February and October Revolutions' were named after the months that they occurred in 1917, based on the old Julian calendar, which is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar now used by most of the world. Russia changed to the Gregorian calendar in 1918 after the end of the Russian Revolution. The Russian people had had enough of the growing poverty, governmental corruption and tremendous loss of life for Russia in <a title=\"World War I\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/world-war-i\/\">World War I<\/a>, which all happened under Tsarist Rule. On this day in the Capital of Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), more than 90,000 protesters clashed with police and remained on the streets. The protesters would not leave despite being attacked by the army on the 11<sup>th<\/sup> of March, and many were killed. The protestors' resolve didn\u2019t waver. Later that day, 150,000 soldiers joined the protestors, and on the 14<sup>th,<\/sup> all Russian Soldiers in the capital had been ordered not to harm the civilians. On the 15 of March, Nicholas II abdicated, giving the throne to his brother Michael. Michael refused the crown, and the Tsar's rule in Russia ended after hundreds of years.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1917-04-16<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">On this day in 1917<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \"> Vladimir Lenin returned to <a href=\"..\/Russia.html\">Russia<\/a> after his exile for advocating socialism by Tsar  Nicholas II. The Russian people had had enough of the growing poverty,  governmental corruption and tremendous loss of life for Russia in World War I,  which all happened under Tsarist Rule. On the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of March 1917 in  the Capital of Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) more than 90,000 protesters  clashed with police and remained on the streets. The protesters would not leave  despite being attacked by the army on the 11<sup>th<\/sup> of March and many  being killed the protestors resolve didn&rsquo;t waver. Later that day 150,000  soldiers joined the protestors and on the 14<sup>th<\/sup> all Russian Soldiers  in the capital had been ordered not to harm the civilians. On the 15 of March  Nicholas II abdicated, giving the throne to his brother Michael. Michael  refused the crown and Tsar Rule in Russia was ended after hundreds of years.  This was the first part of the Russian revolution over and on this day in 1917 (or  on the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> of April using the old Julian calendar) Lenin returned to  Russia at the height of celebration for the defeat of the Tsar. With revolution  in the air, and Lenin, Zinoviev, Trotsky and other Bolsheviks (a division of  the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (RSDWP) that advocate militarism)  would rally the Russian people together and initiate phase two (the &lsquo;Red October  Revolution&rsquo;) which would bring Socialism to Russia. Lenin would become the  Leader of the Communist Party in Russia until his death on the 21st of January  1924 when he died of a brain haemorrhage at the age of 54. Joseph Stalin would  take over as the next leader of the Russian Communist Party.<\/span>\r\n    <\/p>\r\n      <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1917-05-24<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\">&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;text-indent: 36.0pt\"><strong><span>On this Day in 1917, the British Navy introduced its convoy system creating safe passage across the Atlantic.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;text-indent: 36.0pt\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>Since the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780 - 1784) the British Royal Navy seemed invincible but the First World War brought a new type of naval warfare, the U-Boat. These new German boats were designed to attack military vessels and appeared on paper to be a formidable weapon against the might of the British Royal Navy. Without true radar (that could determine range as well as direction), which was not invented until 1935 by Sir Robert Watson Watt, U-boats were the perfect stealth vessel that could take out a warship with a single shot before being detected. But when tested in the field against the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">British<\/a> naval fleet they proved less effective. Their slow speed meant that most ships would move out before they could be targeted and they could only view the target from the surface. The <a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">Germans<\/a> soon found a new more effective use for their fleet. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>Britain had created a naval blockade of Germany very quickly upon the outbreak of war and by November 1914 they had declared the North Sea a war zone and stated that any ship entering the area would do so at its own risk. The blockade was to prevent any ship from transporting contraband of war to their enemy. Germany wanted to retaliate in kind but didn\u2019t have the resources to patrol the waters and search ships. However, on the 4<sup>th<\/sup> of February 1915, Germany announced that all the waters surrounding the <a href=\"..\/United Kingdom.html\">UK<\/a> were a War Zone and any vessel be it enemy or neutral would be fired upon. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>German U-Boat attacks on merchant and civilian ships were numerous and they destroyed many thousands of vessels coming from the Americas. By August 1915 German U-boats had been adapted to lay mines, destroying all ships indiscriminately. Throughout WWI German U-boats were sinking an average of 2 ships a day. It was the continuous destruction of US civilian and merchant vessels that caused the <a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">United States<\/a> to join the war on the 6<sup>th<\/sup> of April 1917 and in that month alone, which was the worst of the war, U-boats had destroyed 373 ships. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>In order to ensure the safety of their new allies transporting soldiers and weapons to Europe, the Royal Navy introduced a system of convoys. Around fifty American Ships would be escorted by a cruiser, six destroyers, 11 armed trawlers and two torpedo boats with aerial reconnaissance equipment that could detect the movement of underwater submarines.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;text-indent: 36.0pt\"><span>WWI normally conjures images of trench warfare but it was the naval warfare that ultimately affected the outcome of the War. The blockade by the Royal Navy and the continued advance of the Allied troops in the trenches had financially crippled the Germans and they were running drastically low on supplies. But it was when the German Navy was ordered to attack the British Royal Navy, with no chance of victory, that the German naval sailors began a mass uprising against the German leaders (The Wilhelmshaven and Kiel Mutinies). This uprising was mirrored throughout Germany and with revolution in the air, Germany was forced to effectively surrender to the Allies on the 11th of November 1918.<\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1917-12-06<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>On December 6, 1917, Finland declared its independence from Russia, marking a significant turning point in the nation's history.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe outbreak of the <strong>Russian Revolution<\/strong> in 1917 created a power vacuum in <a title=\"Finland\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/finland\">Finland<\/a>. The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in March 1917 further weakened <a title=\"Russia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/russia\">Russian<\/a> authority, while Finland\u2019s Senate began pushing for sovereignty. On July 18, 1917, the Finnish parliament passed a \"Power Act,\" seeking to transfer control of domestic affairs to Finland. However, the unstable Russian Provisional Government rejected this attempt.\r\n\r\nIn November 1917, the <strong>Bolsheviks<\/strong> seized power in Russia during the October Revolution, leading to further instability. Finland's political leaders saw an opportunity to formalize their independence. On December 6, 1917, the Finnish Parliament adopted a declaration of independence, drafted by the Finnish Senate led by <strong>Pehr Evind Svinhufvud<\/strong>, asserting Finland\u2019s right to self-determination.\r\n\r\nThe Bolshevik government, preoccupied with consolidating its control over Russia, formally recognized Finland\u2019s independence on <strong>December 31, 1917<\/strong>. This recognition was a significant step, as it ensured Finland's legitimacy on the international stage.\r\n\r\nFinland\u2019s newfound independence was not without challenges. In January 1918, a <strong>civil war<\/strong> broke out between the Red Guards, who were supported by Bolshevik Russia, and the White Guards, representing the conservative and nationalist factions. The Whites, aided by <a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">German<\/a> forces, emerged victorious in May 1918, but the war left deep scars on Finnish society.\r\n\r\nDespite these early struggles, Finland gradually established itself as a stable, democratic nation. Independence allowed Finland to develop its own identity, culture, and political institutions. It also set the stage for Finland\u2019s later resistance to Soviet aggression during the <strong>Winter War (1939-1940)<\/strong> and its ongoing pursuit of neutrality and independence throughout the 20th century.\r\n\r\nToday, <strong>December 6th<\/strong> is celebrated annually as <strong>Finland's Independence Day<\/strong>, a solemn and patriotic occasion marked by ceremonies, torchlight processions, and the lighting of two candles in windows as a symbol of freedom. The day honours not only Finland\u2019s independence but also the resilience and unity of its people in building their nation.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1917-12-15<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>In 1917 Russia agreed to a ceasefire on the eastern front effectively leaving the First World War<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">The\u00a0<a title=\"Russia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/russia\">Russian<\/a>\u00a0revolution of 1917 led them to agreeing a ceasefire on the eastern front on the 15<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of December 1917 effectively leaving the First World War. With the Eastern Front ended Germany\u2019s most senior officer, Erich Ludendorff, suddenly had a huge supply of battle ready troops ready to fight against the remaining allies on the Western Front.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ludendorff devised a plan he called the \u201cEmperor\u2019s Battle\u201d which involved the full force of the new troops attacking one point in the western front which was being held by the\u00a0<a href=\"..\/United Kingdom.html\">British<\/a>\u00a0Expeditionary Forces near the strategically important city of Amiens. On the 21<sup>st<\/sup> of March Lundendorff attack began, starting with the most intense gas and artillery fire bombardment of the entire war for five hours against the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">British<\/a> forces. This was followed by several waves of\u00a0<a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">German<\/a>\u00a0soldiers that broke through the lines and killed about 30% of the British Soldiers in that section. By the 5<sup>th<\/sup> of April, the German forces had gained 28 miles before finally being subdued by the Allies. By July the Allies had managed to regroup and British Commander Henry Rawlinson was given the task of forcing the German forces back. The <a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">American's<\/a> entrance into the war the previous year gave the Allies much-needed resources. With new tanks and artillery, a huge force of Allied soldiers and the newly formed RAF, Rawlison had a tremendous force to accomplish his mission.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">On the morning of the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of August, the Allies began to advance, supported by heavy artillery fire and the RAF taking out German strongholds.\u00a0 British, Canadian and Australian regiments continued to advance driving back the Germans and gaining more ground on that day than had previously been possible. The push continued for three days with the battle ending on the 11<sup>th<\/sup> of August. Despite the huge loss of life to the Allies, the shock of the successful attack against the previously strong German line caused many Germans to surrender. The crippling attack also led Ludendorff to declare to the German Emperor, Wilhelm II that the war was lost.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">This Battle is also considered the beginning of the \u201cHundred Days Offensive\u201d that led to the German Armistice on the 11<sup>th<\/sup> of November 1918. Although the Russian Revolution initially aided the Germans it would also aid their downfall. Germany was being suffocated by not only the human loss but also the financial loss of the war and after the \u201cbattle of Amiens\u201d it became apparent that it was a war they may indeed lose. With the German people suffering the thoughts of their own revolution began to cross their minds. Soldiers continued to surrender as the \u201cHundred Days Offensive\u201d progressed and when the German Navy was ordered to attack the superior Royal Navy in what would have been a suicide mission the entire navy began a revolt which quickly spread throughout the armed forces and country leading to the Germans calling for an Armistice, and effectively surrendering on the 11<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of November.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sadly despite the time and date of the Armistice known for some time in advance fighting continued right up until the last moments before 11:00 am on the 11<sup>th<\/sup> of November 1918. The Americans lost huge numbers of soldiers on the final day, having been ordered to advance right up to the final moments of the Armistice. Some of the commanders felt they had something to prove while others believed that the Germans needed to taste true defeat and know that they were beaten rather than have an armistice. 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