{"id":23829,"date":"2025-09-14T10:46:09","date_gmt":"2025-09-14T09:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?p=23829"},"modified":"2025-09-14T10:46:21","modified_gmt":"2025-09-14T09:46:21","slug":"year-1919","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/year-1919\/","title":{"rendered":"Year 1919"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; 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           <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            box-shadow: 0 0 20px #eee;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            border-radius: 10px;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            display: block;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          .btn-grad:hover {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            background-position: right center; \/* change the direction of the change here *\/<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            color: #fff;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-decoration: none;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->  .buttonContainer {margin:0 auto;display:block;text-align:center;}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/style>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div class=\"buttonContainer\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <a title=\"Nineteen Hundreds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/nineteen-hundreds\/\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <button class=\"btn-grad\" data-v-766eb970=\"\"> 1900&#8217;s <\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <\/a><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> [\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><!-- divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<table class=\"tdih_table\"><thead><th class=\"tdih_event_date\">Date<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_type\">Type<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_name\">Event<\/th><\/thead><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1919-01-06<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p align=\"justify\"><strong>In 1919<\/strong>\u00a0the 26<sup>th<\/sup> President of the\u00a0<a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">United States<\/a>, Theodore Roosevelt died.<\/p>\r\nTheodore Roosevelt was quite poorly as a child suffering from asthma he forced himself to live a strenuous life determined not to let it affect him. He studied hard and pursued a life in politics becoming vice president in 1901 to the 25<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0President, William McKinley. He became President within the year and spent two terms as the 26<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0President of the United States. \u00a0On the night of the 5<sup>th<\/sup> of January 1919, Roosevelt went to bed complaining of breathing problems and died in his sleep the following morning. Roosevelt is considered by many to be one of the greatest Presidents and he is immortalised on Mount Rushmore with his face carved into the side of the mountain along with Abraham Lincoln, George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1919-01-16<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1919\u00a0prohibition began across the United States of America.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nProhibition in the <a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">United States<\/a>, spanning from <strong>1920 to 1933<\/strong>, was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. This transformative era arose from a combination of moral reform movements, social dynamics, and political campaigns, but it also gave rise to unintended consequences that reshaped American society.\r\n\r\nThe 18<sup>th<\/sup> Amendment (also known as the Prohibition Amendment) was ratified on the 16th of January 1919 and forbade the \"manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes,\". This law proved too difficult to enforce and gave organised crime a new revenue stream. The U.S. Government was forced to bring in the 21<sup>st<\/sup>\u00a0Amendment in 1933 which ended Prohibition.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>temperance movement<\/strong> emerged in the early 19th century, advocating for reduced alcohol consumption due to its perceived moral and social harms.\u00a0Organizations like the <strong>Woman\u2019s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)<\/strong> and the <strong>Anti-Saloon League<\/strong> played pivotal roles in lobbying for Prohibition.\r\n\r\nMany supporters viewed alcohol as a source of societal ills, including crime, domestic violence, and poverty. Religious groups, particularly Protestant denominations, strongly supported the cause, framing Prohibition as a moral imperative.\r\n\r\nDuring World War I, the push for Prohibition gained momentum as grain used for alcohol production was deemed essential for feeding troops. Anti-German sentiment also targeted breweries, many of which were owned by German immigrants, as unpatriotic.\r\n\r\nWhile Prohibition aimed to curb alcohol consumption, it led to the rise of illegal activities, including:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Speakeasies<\/strong>: Underground bars where alcohol was sold illicitly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Bootlegging<\/strong>: The illegal production and smuggling of alcohol, often carried out by organized crime syndicates.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Moonshining<\/strong>: The domestic production of alcohol in unregulated and often dangerous conditions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFigures like <strong>Al Capone<\/strong> in Chicago gained notoriety for running bootlegging empires.\u00a0Gang violence surged as rival groups fought for control over the lucrative black market.\u00a0The alcohol industry, once a major source of jobs and government revenue, collapsed, leading to significant economic losses.\u00a0The federal government also lost tax revenue from alcohol sales, exacerbating economic pressures during the <strong>Great Depression<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nProhibition coincided with the <strong>Roaring Twenties<\/strong>, a decade of cultural change and defiance of traditional norms. Jazz music, flapper culture, and a general spirit of rebellion flourished, often centred around speakeasies.\r\n\r\nOn <strong>December 5, 1933<\/strong>, the 21st Amendment was ratified, repealing the 18th Amendment.\u00a0Prohibition officially ended, marking the only time in U.S. history that a constitutional amendment was repealed by another.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1919-06-28<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>On the 28th of June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed officially ending World War 1<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, marked a pivotal moment in world history, officially concluding World War I. The ceremony took place in the opulent Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, a symbolically charged location that underscored the magnitude of the event. The treaty was signed exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, an event that had precipitated the war. Representatives from the Allied powers and <a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">Germany<\/a> gathered to formalize the terms of peace, which had been painstakingly negotiated over six months during the Paris Peace Conference.\r\n\r\nThe treaty imposed harsh penalties on Germany, fundamentally altering the European political landscape. Among its most significant provisions were the severe territorial losses imposed on Germany. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to <a title=\"France\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\">France<\/a>, and substantial eastern territories were ceded to the newly independent <a title=\"Poland\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/poland\">Poland<\/a>, creating the Polish Corridor. Additionally, Germany's overseas colonies were distributed among the Allied powers. These territorial adjustments aimed to weaken Germany and prevent it from becoming a future threat.\r\n\r\nMilitary restrictions were another critical aspect of the treaty. The German army was limited to 100,000 troops, and the country was prohibited from maintaining an air force, submarines, or tanks. The Rhineland was demilitarized to create a buffer zone between Germany and France. These measures were designed to ensure that Germany could not easily wage war again. However, they also contributed to a sense of national humiliation and economic hardship, fostering resentment among the German populace.\r\n\r\nPerhaps the most controversial clause of the treaty was Article 231, known as the \"war guilt clause.\" This clause placed full responsibility for the war on Germany and its allies, serving as the legal basis for demanding reparations. Germany was required to make substantial financial payments to compensate for the destruction caused during the war. The reparations, coupled with the economic disruptions of the war, led to severe economic difficulties and hyperinflation in Germany, exacerbating the nation's post-war struggles.\r\n\r\nThe Treaty of Versailles also established the League of Nations, an international organization intended to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts. While this was a visionary step towards global governance, its effectiveness was undermined by the refusal of the United States to join, as well as the absence of key powers like Germany and the Soviet Union in its early years. The League's inability to enforce its resolutions ultimately limited its impact.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1919-08-19<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><a title=\"On This Day &#8211; Historical Events\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/on-this-day\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/Images\/calender days\/Aug19.png\" alt=\"Aug 19\" width=\"274\" height=\"252\" hspace=\"12\" border=\"0\" align=\"left\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"line-height:115%; font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">In 1919 Afghanistan gained  independence from Great Britain.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \"> <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">In 500 BC the Persian King  Darius I conquered the Northern half of the country and the Persian&rsquo;s  maintained control until Alexander the Great defeated King Darius III and the  Persians, on the 1<sup>st<\/sup> of October 331 AD in the Battle of Gaugamela in  his campaign to conquer the known world. But <a title=\"Afghanistan: A National Profile in the Shadow of War, Terrorism, and Recovery\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/afghanistan\/\">Afghanistan<\/a> only remained part of  Alexander&rsquo;s great empire for a few years as Alexander died of fever aged 33 on  the 13<sup>th<\/sup> of June 323 BC in Babylon and shortly after his death civil  wars led to the breakup of his great empire. The Greeks began to control North  Afghanistan from 323 BC and due to its strategic value, being so close to the  Indian subcontinent, control of Afghanistan has changed hands repeatedly and  been part of many empires. By 50 AD Afghanistan culture had a strong Buddhist  influence but this was largely destroyed by 400 AD with the Hun invasion. By  625 Islam influences the country by the 11<sup>th<\/sup> century Afghanistan has  become the centre of Islamic influence in the region. In 1219 Genghis Kahn  began his invasion of Afghanistan and within two years he killed a huge  percentage of the native population and laid waste to the land. The effects of  the invasion live on today. Until then Afghanistan had vast areas of green and  fertile land due to their irrigation system and agricultural experience but  Kahn&rsquo;s hordes destroyed the irrigation network and the land turned to desert  and never recovered. The next major empire to consume Afghanistan was the  Timurid Empire in 1383 followed by the Mughal Empire in 1506.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">In the 19<sup>th<\/sup> Century <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\/\">Britain&rsquo;s<\/a> control of <a title=\"India\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/india\/\">India<\/a> led to repeated confrontation between Afghanistan and Britain. The British and <a title=\"Russia\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/russia\/\">Russian<\/a> Empires were in competition in  the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century for influence over Asia in what became known as  &ldquo;The Great Game&rdquo;. Britain believed that Russia may attempt an invasion of India  using Afghanistan as a corridor. Once again Afghanistan&rsquo;s became very  strategically important and both countries sent envoys to Kabul in an attempt  to gain favour. Both failed and changed their tact. Russia backed their Persian  allies in an invasion of Afghanistan but the invasion ended in 1938 when  Britain threatened war. Britain attempted to invade Afghanistan and place the  current leader with one more sympathetic to the British. This was the cause of  the first Anglo-Afghan War which began in December 1938 and by the 22<sup>nd<\/sup> of July 1939 the British had a decisive victory and returned Shuja Shah  Durrani, who was sympathetic to Britain, to the Afghan throne after he was  exiled in 1809. But the Afghans resented the change in power and rose up  against the new leadership and British forces. British forces defeated the  Afghans on several occasions but change of Government forced the Generals to  abandon the war in 1842 and Durrani was soon replaced.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p> In 1878 Britain again  attempted to remove the un-sympathetic Afghan Ruler from the throne and again  succeeded. The ousted leader, Sher Ali Khan, pleaded for aid from Russia but  was denied any help and died in 1879. His son, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, signed a  treaty with Britain (the treaty of Gandamak on the 26<sup>th<\/sup> of May 1879)  giving them control of the countries foreign policy and ceding some territory  but&nbsp; allowing him to maintain control of  the rest of Afghanistan. On the 31<sup>st<\/sup> of May 1880 Abdur Rahman Kahn  became the new leader of Afghanistan and during his reign British and afghan  relations were good. When he died on the 1<sup>st<\/sup> of October 1901 his son  Habibullah Khan became the new Emir. Habibullah consistently changed Afghan  policy to meet with either Russian or British wishes siding with the side that  paid most. But in 1907 Russia and Britain signed a military pact which ended  the Great Game and Habibullah&rsquo;s fun. \r\n<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>\r\nIn 1914 Britain and Russia went to war  against the Central Powers and the Ottoman Empire soon joined the war against  Britain and Russia. They called for Jihad (a holy war) against the allies  demanding other Islamic countries join them but Afghanistan remained neutral  throughout the war. On the 19<sup>th<\/sup> of February 1919 Habibullah was  assassinated and his son, Amanullah Khan came to power. Amanullah promised full  independence from Britain and so led a small force into India to attack the  British. On the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> of May 1919 Afghan forces invaded India and took  the town of Bagh. Consequently on the 6<sup>th<\/sup> of May Britain declared  War on Afghanistan and with superior numbers and the use of the Royal Air  Force, the British army had forced an Afghan retreat. On the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of  August the third Anglo-Afghan war ended with a decisive British victory, having  removed the invading forces from India. Afghan casualties of the conflict were  approximately 1,000 killed in action while British and colonial casualties  reaching 1,751 leading many calling the conflict a British strategic defeat.  But of the 1,751 casualties 230 were killed in action, 600 wounded and the  remainder dying from cholera and other illness. Regardless of who won the  conflict Britain had grown weary of its affiliation with Afghanistan and on the  19<sup>th<\/sup> of August 1919 Afghanistan gained its independence. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1919-09-12<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><a title=\"On This Day &#8211; Historical Events\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/on-this-day\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/Images\/calender days\/Sep12.png\" alt=\"September 12\" width=\"274\" height=\"252\" hspace=\"12\" border=\"0\" align=\"left\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">In 1919 Adolf Hitler joins the German  Workers Party (that would later become the Nazi Party) as a spy for the German  Army.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \"> <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">Adolf  Hitler (aged 25) signed up to join the <a title=\"Germany\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\/\">German<\/a> army just after the outbreak of  World War I and joined the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. As an <a title=\"Austria\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/austria\/\">Austrian<\/a>  he would have been obligated to conscript to the Austro-Hungarian army some  years before but he moved to Munich to avoid serving in an army which he  claimed was too mixed race.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">In  World War I he was a runner on the German front line trenches in <a title=\"France\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\/\">France<\/a> and  <a title=\"Belgium\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/belgium\/\">Belgium<\/a>. He was present in many Battles including the Battle of the Somme where  he was injured, and briefly hospitalised, later receiving the Iron Cross Second  Class for bravery. By the end of the War he had received the Iron Cross First  Class for his bravery. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">Germany  was being financially crippled by the war and with the allied forces continued  advance and the continued weakening of &lsquo;The Central Powers&rsquo;, by November 1918  Germany&rsquo;s fate was sealed. Although its defeat was inevitable, on the 24<sup>th<\/sup> of October 1918 the Naval order came in for the German High Seas Fleet to  attack the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\/\">British<\/a> Grand Fleet in a desperate attempt to end Royal Navy&rsquo;s  supremacy. When the men were told of the order on the 29<sup>th<\/sup> of  October they began to mutiny rather than face a pointless defeat. By the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> of November 1918 many German naval sailors began mass uprising against the  German leaders (The Wilhelmshaven and Kiel Mutinies). This uprising was  mirrored throughout Germany and with revolution in the air Germany was forced  to effectively surrender to the Allies on the 11th of November 1918.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">For  Hitler the war had been a source of tremendous pride and his patriotism towards  Germany grew. He was angered by the end of the First World War and Germany&rsquo;s capitulations. He, like many Germans, blamed the revolution on communists  rather than any military involvement.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:9.0pt; \">After  World War I Hitler remained in the German Army and began to work for the  intelligence department. A growing movement of nationalist, angered at  Germany&rsquo;s humiliation of World War I and what they saw as a betrayal by its  leaders, was causing concern in the government. Army intelligence wanted spies  to keep an eye on some of these groups and report back before they got too out  of hand. One such group was the German Workers Party and army intelligence  wanted an operative to infiltrate the organisation. With the advantage of  hindsight, what could be argued was one of the greatest mistakes of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> century; the operative chosen was Adolf Hitler. It wasn&rsquo;t long before their  anti-semitic, anti-communist and Nationalist views had captured Hitler&rsquo;s full  attention. He was briefly split between his sense of duty to the army, which he  had felt had ultimately been betrayed by its political leaders, or the new  friends that were of the same mind and through he felt he could improve Germany  politically. Hitler became the 55<sup>th<\/sup> member of the German Workers  Party on the 12<sup>th<\/sup> of September 1919. In 1920 the name of the party  was changed to the National Socialist German Workers Party and on the 31<sup>st<\/sup> of March that year Hitler was discharged from the army. 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