{"id":23924,"date":"2025-09-15T10:13:49","date_gmt":"2025-09-15T09:13:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?p=23924"},"modified":"2025-09-15T10:14:06","modified_gmt":"2025-09-15T09:14:06","slug":"year-1945","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/year-1945\/","title":{"rendered":"Year 1945"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; 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background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><!-- divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<table class=\"tdih_table\"><thead><th class=\"tdih_event_date\">Date<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_type\">Type<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_name\">Event<\/th><\/thead><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-01-16<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1945 Hitler descended into his bunker for the last months of the war. <\/strong>\r\n\r\nHitler\u2019s bunker situated 55ft below ground had its own water and electricity supply for the 18-roomed complex. Here Hitler remained with his companion (and soon-to-be wife) Eva Braun as well as his Alsatian called Blondi, for 105 days until both Hitler and Eva committed suicide.\r\n\r\n<strong>Adolf Hitler<\/strong>, the dictator of Nazi Germany, spent his final days in the <strong>F\u00fchrerbunker<\/strong>, an underground bunker in Berlin, as the <strong>Allied forces closed in<\/strong> on the city during the final stages of <strong>World War II<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nThe F\u00fchrerbunker was part of a larger underground complex beneath the <strong>Reich Chancellery<\/strong> in Berlin.\u00a0Constructed in <strong>1936<\/strong> and expanded in <strong>1944<\/strong>, it was designed as a secure air-raid shelter and command centre for Nazi leadership. The <strong>Vorbunker<\/strong> (upper section) served as living quarters for staff.\u00a0The <strong>F\u00fchrerbunker<\/strong> (lower section) was deeper underground and housed Hitler\u2019s private quarters and office. It was reinforced with thick concrete walls and ceilings, designed to withstand heavy bombing.\r\n\r\nBy <strong>April 1945<\/strong>, Soviet forces had surrounded Berlin, and the city was under relentless bombardment.\u00a0Hitler retreated to the F\u00fchrerbunker on <strong>January 16, 1945<\/strong>, where he directed the war effort in its final stages.\r\n\r\nThe atmosphere in the bunker was tense and claustrophobic, with senior Nazi officials, military staff, and Hitler\u2019s close associates confined to the space. As the Allies advanced, reports of defeats intensified the despair and paranoia among those present.\r\n\r\nOn <strong>April 29, 1945<\/strong>, Hitler married <strong>Eva Braun<\/strong>, his long-time companion, in a brief ceremony within the bunker.\r\n\r\nHitler refused to flee Berlin, insisting he would not be captured alive by the Soviets. On <strong>April 30, 1945<\/strong>, Hitler and Eva Braun retreated to his private quarters.\u00a0Hitler consumed cyanide and simultaneously shot himself in the head.\u00a0Eva Braun also took cyanide.\r\n\r\nTheir bodies were discovered by bunker staff and, according to Hitler\u2019s orders, were <strong>burned<\/strong> in the garden of the Reich Chancellery to prevent them from becoming Soviet propaganda.\r\n\r\nThe F\u00fchrerbunker symbolizes the collapse of Nazi Germany and the final chapter of World War II in Europe. Hitler\u2019s death marked the end of the Third Reich and the beginning of a new era of rebuilding and reckoning for Germany.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-02-07<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1945<\/strong>\u00a0The <a title=\"The Yalta Conference: Shaping the Post-WWII World\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/the-yalta-conference-shaping-the-post-wwii-world\/\">Yalta Conference<\/a> took place where\u00a0U.K.\u00a0Prime Minister Winston Churchill,\u00a0U.S.\u00a0President Franklin D Roosevelt and\u00a0Russian\u00a0Marshal Joseph Stalin met to discuss plans to end the Second World War and the defeat of\u00a0Germany. The location was initially kept secret but it was known at the time to be held in the Black Sea.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-02-11<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1945\u00a0The Yalta Conference ended<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe leaders of the three major \u2018Allied\u2019 nations, the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">United Kingdom<\/a>, The\u00a0<a href=\"..\/United States.html\">United States<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Russia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/russia\">Russia<\/a> convened to discuss how to continue after the inevitable defeat of the\u00a0<a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">German<\/a>\u00a0war machine. It was decided that Russia would administer the countries that they had liberated but those countries would still have free elections. Germany would be divided into four zones of occupation and administered by all three main powers and\u00a0<a title=\"France\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\">France<\/a>. It would also be stripped of any military powers, and all their war criminals would face trial. The United Kingdom and the United States would oversee the establishment of democratic governments in other <a title=\"Countries of Europe\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/countries-of-europe\/\">European countries<\/a>\u00a0such as\u00a0<a title=\"Austria\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/austria\">Austria<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Italy\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/italy\">Italy<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"..\/Greece.html\">Greece<\/a>. The United Nations' plans were also finalised to replace the League of Nations. The UN was first established on the 24<sup>th<\/sup> of October that year and was tasked with maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social progress, better living standards, and human rights.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-04-21<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"> <p class=\"MsoNormal\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">On this day in 1945<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \"> <a href=\"..\/Russia.html\">Russian<\/a> forces  reach the outskirts of Berlin from three fronts, North, East and South-East.  The day before Hitler celebrated his 56<sup>th<\/sup> birthday with high ranking  Nazi officers in the confines of his underground bunker. It was obvious to all  there that the Russians would soon be at their door and many tried to convince  the Fuhrer to escape to the safety of his mountain top fortress. But Hitler  feared the risk of being captured on route and would not leave his bunker or Berlin.  He did however give permission for the other officers to leave if they so  wished. Many did escape including <\/span><span class=\"style106\">Hermann G&ouml;ring and Heinrich  Himmler, <\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">but a few of  Hitler&rsquo;s personal staff would remain with him till the end. When the Russian  forces reached the outskirts of Berlin on this day in 1945 the majority of the  <a href=\"..\/Germany.html\">German<\/a> troops were made up of the Hitler Youth and older veterans. The race was  on for each of the Russian forces to be the one to take control of Berlin and  due to this many Russian soldiers took risks and live were needlessly lost. It  is believed that 70,000 Russian soldiers died in taking the Capital and in  seeking revenge for the destruction of Russia by the previous German invasions,  the Russians killed 50,000 German soldiers and civilians. Herman Goring sent a  telegram to Hitler suggesting that as Hitler&rsquo;s designated successor and with  Hitler surrounded that he should take control of the German forces. Hitler was  furious and he replied via telegram to say that he considered this an act of high  treason but he would spare Goring if he resigned and Goring Promptly obeyed.  Himmler on the other hand attempted to broker a deal of surrender of the German  forces to Western powers on the understanding that he would remain in control  of Germany after the war. His offer was not accepted especially because the  acts of mass murder committed at Himmler&rsquo;s command. On the 28<sup>th<\/sup> of  April news of Himmler&rsquo;s failed surrender attempt was released on the BBC. The  message was intercepted by German intelligence and when Hitler heard he was  heartbroken. He also received news of the execution of Long term friend and  <a href=\"..\/Italy.html\">Italian<\/a> Dictator Mussolini, whose body was left in the gutter to rot. To avoid  capture and a similar fait, Hitler committed suicide on the 30<sup>th<\/sup> of  April with his revolver while his wife of one day took a cyanide capsule. <\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-04-28<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">On this day in   1945 <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">Benito  Mussolini the <a href=\"..\/Italy.html\">Italian<\/a> dictator and founder of the Italian Nationalist Party, Fasci  di Combattimento, (where the word fascism was derived) was executed by Italian  Partisans. He and his mistress along with some close associates were captured  on the 26<sup>th<\/sup> of April while they attempted to escape to <a href=\"..\/Switzerland.html\">Switzerland<\/a>.  In 1922, Italian King Victor Emmanuel III, feared a communist uprising&nbsp; such as in <a href=\"..\/Russia.html\">Russia<\/a> and so appointed Mussolini  the head of a new government of Fascist and Nationalist with him as Prime  Minister. Once the socialist leader died in 1924 the &lsquo;Fascist police&rsquo;  suppressed any other party and by 1929 Italy had a one party system with  Mussolini as Leader. In a show of strength Mussolini ordered his army to take  <a href=\"..\/Ethiopia.html\">Ethiopia<\/a> as they already controlled the neighbouring countries. This was  condemned by the League of Nations but Mussolini became a hero to the leader of  the German Nationalist Party (the NAZI party). In 1936 Hitler met with  Mussolini and they signed a non-military alliance with <a href=\"..\/Germany.html\">Germany<\/a>. During World  War II, Italy made many attempts to take territories but suffered many losses  mainly to British forces. These defeats made Mussolini look weak in the eyes of  the Germans and Mussolini was loosing favour with Hitler. The Allies decided to  remove Mussolini once and for all and they invaded Sicily knowing this would  enrage the Italian people. It worked and on the 25<sup>th<\/sup> of July 1943  the fascist government met and voted to oust Mussolini, King Victor Emmanuel  III had him removed from office and imprisoned but Hitler had him rescued and  placed him in charge of a area in North Italy which was under German Control.  After his capture he was held until this day in 1945 when he was executed by a  firing squad. His body and the body of his associates and mistress were then  hung upside down as members of the public beat them and spat on the corpses. At  the end of the day their mutilated corpses were left in the gutter at the side  of the road. <\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">Also  on this day in 1945<\/span><\/strong> <span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">On the 28<sup>th<\/sup> of April news of Himmler&rsquo;s failed surrender attempt was released on the BBC.  With the end of World War II in sight and the inevitable defeat of Hitler, Nazi  leader, <\/span><span class=\"style106\">Heinrich<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \"> Himmler attempted to broker a deal for surrender of the <a href=\"..\/Germany.html\">German<\/a> forces to  Western powers on the understanding that he would remain in control of Germany  after the war. His offer was not accepted especially because the acts of mass  murder committed at Himmler&rsquo;s command. The message was intercepted by German  intelligence and when Hitler heard he was heartbroken. He also received news of  the execution of Long term friend and Italian Dictator Mussolini, whose body  was left in the gutter to rot. To avoid capture and a similar fait, Hitler  committed suicide on the 30<sup>th<\/sup> of April with his revolver while his  wife of one day took a cyanide capsule. <\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-04-29<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"> <p class=\"MsoNormal\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">On this day in 1945<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \"> Hitler marries  Eva Braun while they hide away in Hitler&rsquo;s underground bunker. While the<a href=\"..\/Russia.html\"> Russian&rsquo;s<\/a> lay waste to Berlin, Hitler prepares for his end. He decided his fate  several days ago and the news of Mussolini&rsquo;s undignified end had assisted  Hitler in making his plans.&nbsp; He and Eva would  commit suicide and his associates still in the bunker would burn the bodies. Fresh  from convent school and aged just 17, Eva Braun was the assistant to Hitler&rsquo;s  personal photographer and shortly after their first meeting she was invited to  Hitler&rsquo;s mountain top home (the Berghof) in the Bavarian Alps. She moved their  as his mistress in 1936 (aged 24) where she remained somewhat isolated from  Hitler&rsquo;s work and politics but was a large part of his inner social circle.  This remained until 1944 after her sister had married the SS liaison officer,  Hermann Fegelein. She swore her loyalty to Hitler as the Third Reich began to  weaken and on the 16<sup>th <\/sup>of January 1945 both Hitler and Eva descended  into the Fuhrerbunker. They would never leave. <\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-04-30<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"> <p class=\"MsoNormal\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">On  this day in 1945 <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">Hitler and Eva  Braun commit suicide. As the Third Reich began to weaken and <a href=\"..\/Germany.html\">German<\/a> defeat  seems certain to all but the Fuhrer, Hitler and Braun descended into the  Fuhrerbunker on the 16<sup>th <\/sup>of January 1945. On the 20<sup>th<\/sup> of  April, Hitler celebrated his 56<sup>th<\/sup> birthday with high ranking Nazi  officers in the confines of his underground bunker. The <a href=\"..\/Russia.html\">Russian<\/a> troops approach  the outskirts of Berlin on the following day and as each day passes his hopes  of the &ldquo;Third Reich&rdquo; (third German Empire) lasting a thousand years eroded to  nothing. Herman Goring sent a telegram to Hitler suggesting that as Hitler&rsquo;s  designated successor and with Hitler surrounded that he should take control of  the German forces. Hitler was furious and he replied via telegram to say that  he considered this an act of high treason but he would spare Goring if he  resigned and Goring Promptly obeyed. On the 28<sup>th<\/sup> of April news of  Himmler&rsquo;s failed surrender attempt was released on the BBC. The message was  intercepted by German intelligence and when Hitler heard he was heartbroken. He  also received news of the execution of Long term friend and <a href=\"..\/Italy.html\">Italian<\/a> Dictator  Mussolini, whose body was left in the gutter to rot.&nbsp; Although many had accepted German defeat a  while ago it was not until the 28<sup>th<\/sup> of April that Hitler had finally  accepted it and planed his end. He dictated a log entry to a member of his  staff explaining that he planned to end his life on his terms and leave no body  to the enemy. He blamed the collapse of the empire on the betrayal of high  ranking Nazi members. He had some cyanide capsules given to him by Goring but  he didn&rsquo;t trust that they were genuine so he tested one on his dog, Blonde.  They proved genuine and so he gave them out to staff members in the event they  were captured and chose to die. After the acceptance the mood was said to  improve in the bunker and people were drinking and dancing. On the following  day he married Eva Braun and enjoyed his last day with her. On this day in 1945  Eva took a cyanide capsule and Hitler shot himself with the same revolver he used  to get the attention of Bavarian politician on his march to the Munich beer  hall with 2,000 Nazi supporters on the 4<sup>th<\/sup> of November 1924. As per  their orders, bunker personnel took the bodies into Chancellery garden, doused  them in petrol and set them alight. <\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\">&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-05-07<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;text-indent: 36.0pt\"><strong><span>On this day in 1945, Germany signed the unconditional surrender of all Nazi troops ending World War II in Europe.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span>From the 14<sup>th<\/sup> to the 24<sup>th<\/sup> of January 1943 Sir Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and high-ranking allied generals met in the <a title=\"France\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\">French<\/a> Moroccan city of Casablanca for a meeting to discuss the strategy against <a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">German<\/a> forces in World War II. Known as the Casablanca Conference they also agreed that they would accept nothing more than the unconditional surrender of the German Forces. So when in April 1945, Heinrich Himmler attempted to surrender Nazi forces (without Hitler\u2019s knowledge) to the West on the condition that he remain in command of the Nazi party and control of Germany, his offer was rejected. Then General Alfred Jodl attempted to surrender only those forces still fighting in the West but this was also not accepted and Jodl was told that only unconditional surrender of all German troops would be permitted. Jodl contacted Hitler\u2019s successor Grand Admiral Karl Donitz with the terms and he was ordered to sign Germany\u2019s unconditional surrender. This meant the end of the war in Europe and the following day the news was announced across the globe. Churchill announced on the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of May as did Washington and Moscow proclaiming the day as Victory in <a title=\"Countries of Europe\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/countries-of-europe\/\">Europe<\/a> Day (V.E. Day). But the War with Japan continued and on the 6<sup>th<\/sup> of August 1945 <a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">America<\/a> dropped the first nuclear bomb on <a title=\"Japan\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/japan\">Japan<\/a>, hitting the city of Hiroshima. Then on the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of August, the Soviet Union declared War on Japan, sending in troops in the early hours of the 9<sup>th<\/sup> of August 1945. Also on the 9<sup>th<\/sup> of August, the United States dropped the second nuclear bomb, this time on Nagasaki. It would not be until the 2<sup>nd<\/sup> of September 1945 that Japan would sign the \u201cJapanese Instrument of Surrender\u201d and the majority of military warfare of World War II ended.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-05-08<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\">  <p class=\"MsoNormal\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">On this day in 1945 this day was declared Victory in Europe Day (VE Day).<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">This  followed the signing of <a href=\"..\/germany\">Germany<\/a>&rsquo;s unconditional surrender yesterday at Reims in  North-West <a href=\"..\/france\">France<\/a>. Hitler committed suicide on the 30<sup>th<\/sup> of April  1945 and it was just a matter of time till the defeated German forces  surrendered. The order came from Hitler&rsquo;s successor Grand Admiral Karl Donitz  for General Alfred Jodl to sign. Jubilation filled the air across the world and  Churchill made today and the following day national holidays. German troops in  countries across Europe laid down their arms and it is believed 1 million  attempted to flee to Western held positions rather than be captured by Soviet  forces but they were intercepted and taken as Soviet prisoners. <\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">The  newspapers and radio services all announced VE Day but the official  announcement was not made until 3:00 pm by Prime Minister Winston Churchill in  accordance with an arrangement between Allied leaders who announced it  simultaneously across the world. The United Kingdom had been at War with  Germany since the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> of September 1939 and today marked the ended  the 5year, 8month and 3day conflict. Just a few weeks before the official war  statistics of <a href=\"..\/commonwealth-nations\">commonwealth countries<\/a> was released (1939-1945 military, not  civilian) and printed in the Daily Mirror on this day in 1945.<\/span><\/p>\r\n  <table class=\"MsoTableGrid\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\">\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">Killed<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">Missing<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">Wounded<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">Prisoners<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">Total<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \"><a href=\"..\/united-kingdom\">United    Kingdom<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">216,287<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">30,967<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">255,142<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">183,242<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">685,638<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \"><a href=\"..\/canada\">Canada<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">31,439<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">4,163<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">45,251<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">8,367<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">89,220<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \"><a title=\"Australian flag: A blue field with the Union Jack in the top left corner, a large white seven-pointed star below it, and five white stars forming the Southern Cross constellation on the right.\" href=\"..\/austrailia\">Australia<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">19,430<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">6,955<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">35,595<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">25,276<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">87,256<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \"><a href=\"..\/new-zealand\">N.    Zealand<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">9,334<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">934<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">17,978<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">8,501<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">36,747<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \"><a href=\"..\/south-africa\">S.    Africa<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">6,030<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">512<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">12,632<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">14,629<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">33,803<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">Colonies<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">5,044<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">14,014<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">4,840<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">6,754<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">30,652<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \"><a href=\"..\/india\">India<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">19,420<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">13,327<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">51,038<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">79,701<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">163,486<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n    <tr>\r\n      <td width=\"130\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:97.55pt;border:solid black 1.0pt;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">Total<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">306,984<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:2.0cm;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">70,872<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">422,476<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"76\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:56.9pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">326,470<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n      <td width=\"85\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width:63.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid black 1.0pt;border-right:solid black 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">1,126,802<\/span><\/p><\/td>\r\n    <\/tr>\r\n  <\/table>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-06-26<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>In 1945 The United Kingdom and United States began airlifting supplies into West Berlin.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">The day before the Soviet Union imposed a blockade of Berlin in retaliation for what it saw as a threat to their authority of East\u00a0<a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">After World War II Germany was under strict control, the country was divided into four sections and the governance of these sections was allocated to each of the main Allied powers, the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">United Kingdom<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">United States<\/a>, USSR and\u00a0<a title=\"France\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\">France<\/a>. \u00a0In addition, the German capital city of Berlin was also divided and governed by each of the four Nations. Soon after the capitalist Western nations of the UK, US and France discussed merging their divisions into one larger division. With similar political views, it would make governance easier and take fewer resources however the section governed by the communist Soviet Union felt that this amalgamation into a larger division was a threat to their own. On the 20<sup>th<\/sup> of June, the Western Nations also introduced a single currency (the Deutsche mark) to their areas in preparation for their culmination. With the capital city of Berlin situated within the communist-controlled section, the Soviet Union initiated a blockade on the 24<sup>th<\/sup> of June 1948 to prevent the union of capitalist Germany. On this day the United Kingdom and United States began flying in supplies to Berlin. The blockade lasted 11 months but the continuous airlifted supplies kept the people of Berlin going. The blockade ended on the 12<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of May 1949 without success and the Western areas were united as the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland, or BRD) on the 23<sup>rd<\/sup>\u00a0of May 1949. Shortly after, on the 7<sup>th<\/sup> of October 1949, the Soviet-controlled side or Eastern side became the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik, or DDR) with control of the capital city of Berlin also split accordingly.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-06-26<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>In 1945 the United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fifty of the original fifty-one members signed the charter on this day with Poland, the remaining original member, signing later this year. Once the five permanent members of the Security Council (the\u00a0<a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">United Kingdom<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">United States<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Russia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/russia\">Russian Federation<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"France\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\">France<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"China\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/china\">China<\/a>) had ratified the Charter it came into effect on the 24<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of October 1945.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">The League of Nations was established on the 10<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of January 1920 with the main goal of preventing any future world wars. It had a total of 58 member nations but with the outbreak of World War II on the 3<sup>rd<\/sup>\u00a0of September (when War was declared) the League of Nations had failed its main objective.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">The United Nations was set up to replace the failed League of Nations and was founded on the 24<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of October 1945 when the Charter came into effect.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">The League of Nations was dissolved on the 20<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of April 1946 lasting just 26 years.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-07-16<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<strong>In 1945 the first atomic weapon was tested in New Mexico, United States.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since the time of the ancient Greeks, it was believed that small particles known as atoms made up all matter. However, after several experiments with cathode rays, <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">British<\/a>\u00a0Physicist Joseph J. Thomson, provided evidence for the first sub-atomic particle, the electron, on the 30<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of April 1897. Thomson was also a gifted teacher with many of his students becoming great physicists. One such student was\u00a0<a title=\"New Zealand\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/new-zealand\">New <\/a>Zealand-born, Ernest Rutherford who theorised the nucleus of an atom and went on to prove the existence of the Proton (and was believed to have been the first to \u201csplit the atom\u201d) in 1917. Two more of Thomson\u2019s famous students were American Physicist, Julius Robert Oppenheimer and <a title=\"Netherlands\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/netherlands\">Danish<\/a>\u00a0Physicist Niels Henrik David Bohr.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Francis Perrin was one of a\u00a0<a title=\"France\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/france\">French<\/a> group of scientists who were working on nuclear chain reactions and he discovered that \u201cHeavy Water\u201d of H<sub>3<\/sub>0 would make the perfect moderator needed to weaponise such reactions. The only known source of \u201cHeavy Water\u201d was found at the hydroelectric dam in <a title=\"Norway\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/norway\">Norway<\/a>. When the French group contacted Norway to obtain the H<sub>3<\/sub>0, they discovered that <a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">Germany<\/a>\u00a0had already purchased some in large quantities. The French Government explained the possible use of H<sub>3<\/sub>0, and consequently, all stockpiles were given to France. When France was invaded by Germany the stockpiles were then shipped to Britain for safety.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0Many physicists had growing concerns that Germany\u2019s experiments in nuclear reactions could culminate in powerful weapons that Hitler would not hesitate to use. Some of these physicists, including Albert Einstein, had contacted the <a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">US<\/a> President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, with their concerns and requested that the US begin research into the field itself. Although the US was neutral at the time, it was widely believed that if Germany could produce such a weapon without comparison, they would have power over the entire world. British and <a title=\"Canada\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/canada\">Canadian<\/a> scientists were working on the problem (with \u201cProject Tube Alloys\u201d), but with preoccupations of fighting the war, they had no resources for such a huge project. Roosevelt initially took some convincing, but eventually, he signed Executive Order 8807 on the 28th of June 1941, and this gave the order for the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), part of which would later become the \u201cManhattan Project\u201d. The British \u201cTube Alloys\u201d project was amalgamated into the Manhattan Project, and several scientists, including Niels Bohr, Vannevar Bush, Arthur Compton, Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Emil Fuchs, Otto Frisch and Oppenheimer worked on the project. On the 15<sup>th<\/sup> of July 1945, the fruits of their labour were recognised with the first test of a nuclear weapon, which was detonated in New Mexico, US.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-07-26<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p class=\"MsoNormal\"><a title=\"On This Day &#8211; Historical Events\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/on-this-day\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"..\/Images\/calender days\/July26.png\" alt=\"July 26\" width=\"274\" height=\"252\" hspace=\"12\" border=\"0\" align=\"left\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"line-height:115%; font-size:9.0pt; \">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">In  1945 British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, lost the General Election  despite his leadership in WWII.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">On the 3<sup>rd<\/sup> of September  1939 Britain declared war on <a href=\"..\/germany\/\">Germany<\/a> under Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin.  Chamberlin had attempted to use his powers of diplomacy with Hitler over the  annexing of Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Chamberlin hoped by agreeing to  Hitler&rsquo;s terms of a peaceful annexing, Hitler would keep to his agreement not  to conquer any more land in Europe and thus prevent war. But Hitler was not a  man that kept his word and therefore diplomacy was redundant. Once Hitler had  Sudetenland he continued to take the whole of Czechoslovakia and on the 1<sup>st<\/sup> of September 1939 he also began his invasion of Poland despite the threat of  war with Britain and France.<\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">The people of <a href=\"..\/england\/\">England<\/a> had lost trust  in their Prime Minister and so Chamberlin agreed to a vote of confidence by his  own Cabinet. On the 10<sup>th<\/sup> of May 1940, the same day that the Battle  of France began, Chamberlin lost the vote and was forced to resign as Prime  Minister. That same day the King of England asks Winston Churchill to form a  coalition government and lead the nation as Prime Minister. Churchill was  veteran of World War I and accepted the arduous task ahead. Churchill had all  the qualities required to inspire the nation and his defiance against the  threat of Germany, that had forced the surrender of most of Europe, was all  that stood against the Nazi&rsquo;s victory. Had the <a href=\"..\/united-kingdom\/\">UK<\/a> surrendered the outcome may  have been very different. Despite his great leadership throughout the war he  lost the first election after the war. <\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">The British public had suffered  austerity throughout the war and the Conservatives further planed measures to  aid recovery proved to much for the public. Just 12 weeks after Churchill  announced the unconditional surrender of Germany he lost the general election  to Labour leader, Clement Attlee, on the 26<sup>th<\/sup> of July 1945. The  people of the UK were looking forward to the introduction of the &lsquo;welfare  state&rsquo; which had been proposed by Labours William Beveridge in 1942. With  immense poverty in Britain that started before the war, and the wartime  austerity measures put in place during, the people of the UK wanted a change.<\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">In 1951 Churchill became Prime  Minister once more but at the age of 77 the pressures were taking their toll. <span style=\"color:black; background:white; \">In 1953 he was made a Knight of the Order  of the Garter for his service to the country. On the 5<sup>th<\/sup> of April  1955 <\/span>Sir Winston Churchill resigned as Prime Minister due to ill  health.&nbsp; Sir Churchill gave his  resignation to the Queen personally at a dinner held in his honour at  Buckingham Palace. Churchill remained a backbencher in Parliament until 1964  and he died a year later on the 24<sup>th<\/sup> of January 1964 at the age of  90. In 2002 he was voted the &lsquo;Greatest Britain of All Time&rsquo; in a nationwide  pole with over a million Britain&rsquo;s taking part.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-08-06<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\">&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"\"><a title=\"On This Day &#8211; Historical Events\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/on-this-day\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/Images\/calender days\/Aug06.png\" alt=\"August 06\" width=\"274\" height=\"252\" align=\"left\" border=\"0\" hspace=\"12\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify;text-indent: 36.0pt\"><strong>In 1945, the United States of America dropped the first nuclear bomb on <a title=\"Japan\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/japan\/\">Japan<\/a>, hitting the city of Hiroshima.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify\">On the 7<sup>th <\/sup>of May 1945, General Alfred Jodl attempted to surrender only those Nazi forces still fighting in the West, but this was not accepted by the Allied leaders, and Jodl was told that only unconditional surrender of all <a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\/\">German<\/a> troops would be permitted. Jodl contacted Hitler\u2019s successor, Grand Admiral Karl Donitz, with the terms, and he was ordered to sign Germany\u2019s unconditional surrender. This meant the end of the war in Europe, and the following day, the news was announced across the globe. Churchill made the announcement on the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of May, as did Washington and Moscow, proclaiming the day as Victory in Europe day (V.E. Day).<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify\">But the War with Japan continued, and on the 26<sup>th<\/sup> of July 194,5, leaders of the <a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\/\">United States of America<\/a>, the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\/\">United Kingdom<\/a> and <a title=\"China\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/china\/\">China<\/a> sent The Potsdam Declaration to <a title=\"Japan\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/japan\/\">Japanese<\/a> officials calling for the complete surrender of all Japanese forces. The Ultimatum gave specific terms for their surrender, stating that there was no room for manoeuvre from the terms stated, and if Japan didn\u2019t agree to the terms, then it would experience \u201cprompt and utter destruction\u201d. But Japanese leaders failed to take heed of the warning and accept the conditions of the Potsdam Declaration.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"\" style=\"text-align: justify\">Consequently, on the 6<sup>th<\/sup> of August 1945, the United States of America dropped the first nuclear bomb on Japan, hitting the city of Hiroshima. At approximately 08:15 Japanese time, a B-29 Super-fortress called Enola Gay dropped its cargo on the unsuspecting city below. The device known as \u201cLittle Boy\u201d was said to be more than 2,000 times more powerful than any bomb previously used in warfare (the equivalent of 15,000 tons of TNT). The explosion killed 140,000 of the 350,000 residents of Hiroshima and destroyed more than 60% of the buildings. The United States President sent a radio broadcast shortly after warning Japan that if they didn\u2019t accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, then they should \"expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\"<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\">On the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of August, the Soviet Union also declared War on Japan, sending in troops in the early hours of the 9<sup>th<\/sup> of August 1945. Also on the 9<sup>th<\/sup> of August, the United States dropped the second nuclear bomb, this time on Nagasaki. It would not be until the 2<sup>nd<\/sup> of September 1945 that Japan would sign the \u201cJapanese Instrument of Surrender\u201d and the majority of military warfare of World War II would end.<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-08-30<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>In 1945 Great Britain liberated Hong Kong from Japanese occupation.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although most of\u00a0<a title=\"Countries of Europe\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/countries-of-europe\/\">Europe<\/a>\u00a0bought goods from\u00a0<a title=\"China\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/china\">China<\/a> the trade was made very much one-sided by the Chinese policy of only accepting silver in payment. China was self-sufficient and even if they desired goods from Europe the Chinese port officials would not allow imports other than silver. The Qing dynasty in the 18<sup>th<\/sup> century ensured the control of western imports by allowing trade through just the southern port of Canton (Guangzhou). This increased the value of the precious metal and many countries, particularly <a title=\"Spain\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/spain\">Spain<\/a>, sought new sources of silver through mining in <a title=\"Countries of South America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/countries-of-south-america\/\">South<\/a> <a title=\"Countries of South America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/countries-of-south-america\/\">America<\/a>. This system gave China a monopoly on trade which caused increased tension between European and Chinese governments. But Western governments soon found a product that the Chinese population did want and would become a new currency for the luxury items China produced (tea, silk, spices and porcelain).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">During the 6<sup>th<\/sup> and 7th centuries, Arabic and <a title=\"Turkey\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/turkey\">Turkish<\/a> traders introduced opium into China but it was taken orally in small quantities for medicinal use only, leaving demand relatively small.\u00a0<a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">Britain<\/a> had always valued gold greater than silver and had built its economy on this basis (known as the gold standard). As its silver deposits were depleted by British huge demand for Chinese tea Britain was forced to buy silver from other European countries. Attempts were made to grow tea in India but initially, it was impossible to meet the public demand.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Great Britain could however grow opium in large quantities in India and initially, this commodity was accepted as payment by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/china\/\" title=\"China\">Chinese government<\/a>. In the 17<sup>th<\/sup> century, the act of smoking tobacco in pipes had made its way to China from America and this created a new habit of smoking opium in China. Due to its highly addictive quality demand for the drug increased across most of China and the Western powers were more than willing to supply the demand. As British production of tea in her colonies increased, reducing the demand from China, Chinese demand for opium became insatiable and soon China\u2019s monopoly on trade decreased with more silver being exported to pay for the opium than the amount being imported for Chinese goods. This change in the status quo angered the Chinese government and they began attempting to stop the imports of Opium and sentenced people to death for its sale. But the demand remained and so did the trade and opium was being consumed by all levels of society including large percentages of Chinese officials, the Daoguang emperor and most of his court. However many opposed the opium trade within the court and requested highly respected Lin Zexu to become Special Imperial Commissioner of Canton in March 1839.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">The British \u2018Superintendent of Trade to China\u2019, Charles Elliot, ordered all British ships attempting to smuggle the drugs into China to hand over the drugs on the promise of compensation from the British government, an order which proved extremely costly to Britain.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">In March 1839 several British merchants were accused of murdering a Chinese civilian while in the port of Canton. The British officials were reluctant to hand over the men as they had little or no faith in the Chinese justice system. This was the final act of injustice to the Chinese government and the First Opium War broke out on the 18<sup>th<\/sup> of March 1839. During this war, the British tested their new weapon \u201cThe Nemesis\u201d which was the world's first iron warship. The Nemesis proved to be a formidable weapon that could outclass its wooden counterparts in most respects especially on the 7<sup>th<\/sup> of January 1841 during The Second Battle of Chuenpee which was the final military conflict of the war. After the British victory in the Second Battle of Chuenpee, the Convention of Chuenpee took place on the 20<sup>th<\/sup> of January. British Captain Charles Elliot and Chinese Governor Qishan agreed on a cease-fire and certain concessions by the Chinese government to the British including ceding Hong Kong island to Britain and the promise of opening more ports up for trade with Britain. The Convention of Chuenpee was a draft for the Treaty of Nanking which was signed on the 29<sup>th<\/sup> of August and officially ended the First Opium War, officially making Hong Kong a British Possession. This treaty was known in China as the first of the unequal treaties but it did end the Canton System and allowed for free trade with China and the rest of the world. Because of the treaty, China became more integrated into the world and is considered the dawn of modern Chinese history.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hong Kong remained a British possession up until it was invaded and occupied by\u00a0<a title=\"Japan\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/japan\">Japan<\/a>\u00a0on the 25<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of December 1941 during World War II. When Japan announced its surrender on the 14<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of August 1945 Hong Kong was officially handed back to the British Navy on the 30<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of August 1945. On the 19<sup>th<\/sup> of December 1984, the British Prime Minister and Premier of the People\u2019s Republic of China met in Beijing and signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration which agreed on the ministration of Hong Kong returning to the ORC on the 1<sup>st<\/sup> of July 1997. China agreed to allow Hong Kong to remain largely autonomous but ultimately under the control of the PRC for fifty years after the sign-over date. In 2047 Hong Kong is expected to return entirely to the administration of China although many oppose this move.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1945-09-02<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>On the 2nd of September 1945, Japan signed a document of Surrender, officially ending World War II<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSeptember 2, 1945, marks one of the most significant dates in world history\u2014the official end of World War II. On this day, the Japanese government formally surrendered to the Allies aboard the USS <em data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"369\">Missouri<\/em> in Tokyo Bay, bringing an end to the most devastating conflict humanity had ever known. This article explores the events leading to this historic day, the surrender ceremony, its global impact, and why it remains important today.\r\n<p data-start=\"645\" data-end=\"997\">World War II was the deadliest war in human history, lasting six years and claiming the lives of more than <strong data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"783\">70 million people worldwide<\/strong>. While Germany surrendered on <strong data-start=\"814\" data-end=\"829\">May 8, 1945<\/strong> (V-E Day), the Pacific War continued. Japan, refusing unconditional surrender, held out despite mounting devastation\u2014until the events of August 1945 forced their hand.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1154\"><strong data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1058\">September 2, 1945, was more than just the end of a war.<\/strong> It was the start of a new era in global politics, peacebuilding, and international cooperation.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1154\">By mid-1945, the war in Europe had ended, but Japan continued to fight. Even after months of heavy bombing raids that devastated Japanese cities, their leaders refused to accept the Allied demand for unconditional surrender.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1490\"><strong data-start=\"1456\" data-end=\"1490\">The Turning Point: August 1945<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1822\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1606\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1493\" data-end=\"1606\"><strong data-start=\"1493\" data-end=\"1512\">August 6, 1945:<\/strong> The U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb on <strong data-start=\"1555\" data-end=\"1568\">Hiroshima<\/strong>, instantly killing tens of thousands.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1700\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1609\" data-end=\"1700\"><strong data-start=\"1609\" data-end=\"1628\">August 9, 1945:<\/strong> A second bomb was dropped on <strong data-start=\"1658\" data-end=\"1670\">Nagasaki<\/strong>, causing massive destruction.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1701\" data-end=\"1822\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1703\" data-end=\"1822\"><strong data-start=\"1703\" data-end=\"1722\">August 8, 1945:<\/strong> The <strong data-start=\"1727\" data-end=\"1765\">Soviet Union declared war on Japan<\/strong> and invaded Manchuria, crushing Japanese forces in Asia.<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1824\" data-end=\"1983\">Faced with atomic devastation and Soviet invasion, <strong data-start=\"1875\" data-end=\"1916\">Emperor Hirohito broke with tradition<\/strong> and urged surrender to prevent the complete annihilation of Japan.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1154\">On a calm morning in <strong data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2083\">Tokyo Bay<\/strong>, aboard the American battleship <strong data-start=\"2116\" data-end=\"2132\">USS Missouri<\/strong>, representatives of the Allied Powers and the Japanese Empire gathered to sign the <strong data-start=\"2216\" data-end=\"2243\">Instrument of Surrender<\/strong>.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"3977\" data-end=\"4246\">For soldiers and civilians alike, the news brought overwhelming relief. 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