{"id":23931,"date":"2025-09-15T10:21:11","date_gmt":"2025-09-15T09:21:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?p=23931"},"modified":"2025-09-15T10:21:26","modified_gmt":"2025-09-15T09:21:26","slug":"year-1947","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/year-1947\/","title":{"rendered":"Year 1947"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; 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           <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            box-shadow: 0 0 20px #eee;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            border-radius: 10px;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            display: block;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          .btn-grad:hover {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            background-position: right center; \/* change the direction of the change here *\/<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            color: #fff;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-decoration: none;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->          }<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->  .buttonContainer {margin:0 auto;display:block;text-align:center;}<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/style>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/p>\n<div class=\"buttonContainer\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <a title=\"Nineteen Hundreds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/nineteen-hundreds\/\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <button class=\"btn-grad\" data-v-766eb970=\"\"> 1900&#8217;s <\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <\/a><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --> [\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><!-- divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<table class=\"tdih_table\"><thead><th class=\"tdih_event_date\">Date<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_type\">Type<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_name\">Event<\/th><\/thead><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1947-08-14<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">In  1947 Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \"> <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; \">The government of the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\/\">United Kingdom<\/a>  passed the Indian Independence act in 1947 which received royal ascent on the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of July that year making it law. The act gave independence to the subcontinent  of <a title=\"India\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/india\/\">India<\/a> which had previously been under British rule. However western India  had expressed its desire to become an independent dominion separate from the  rest of India and therefore the act proclaimed that both India and the new  dominion of <a title=\"Pakistan\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/pakistan\/\">Pakistan<\/a> would gain there independence as of midnight between the  14<sup>th<\/sup> and 15<sup>th<\/sup> of August 1947. Pakistan now celebrate  their independence on the 14<sup>th<\/sup> of August each year while India  celebrate their independence on the 15<sup>th<\/sup> each year. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1947-08-15<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\"><a title=\"On This Day &#8211; Historical Events\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/on-this-day\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/Images\/calender days\/Aug15.png\" alt=\"August 15\" width=\"274\" height=\"252\" hspace=\"12\" border=\"0\" align=\"left\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"line-height:115%; font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">In 1947 control of India has transferred  from Britian to the Indian people.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">The  East India Company was formed in 1600 just as <a title=\"England\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/england\/\">England<\/a> began to make its mark as  a world trading nation. The company was set up to trade with the East Indies  and the company grew quickly and soon became involved in at least half of the  worlds trade. With its growing success it became extremely powerful, and even  had its own private army. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">During  the &ldquo;Seven Years War&rdquo; (1754-1763) on the 23<sup>rd<\/sup> of June 1757 the  British East <a title=\"India\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/india\/\">India<\/a> Company fought against the forces of newly appointed Nawab  (Asian prince) Siraj-ud-daulah and his allies of the French East India Company.  The British were hugely outnumbered but won the battle. This gave the British  East India Company control of Bengal and over the next hundred years their  control of India grew. On the 10<sup>th<\/sup> of May 1857 a rebellion began  against the British East India Company in what became known as India&rsquo;s First  War of Independence. The East India Company won the war which ended on the 20<sup>th<\/sup> of June 1858 but the company itself was taken over by the British Crown. India  became under British Raj (or Rule in Hindi) and remained so for almost a  hundred years. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">In  1919 a young lawyer by the name of Ghandi began a movement amongst his fellow  Indians in protest to the terrible injustice they suffered under British Rule.  His name and movement grew throughout the world and his form of non-violent  protest and peaceful non-cooperation inspired many freedom fighters since.  Ghandi was imprisoned for his beliefs but this just strengthened his resolve.  On the 12<sup>th<\/sup> of March 1930 Ghandi began his protest march of the  British salt tax which at the time was his most defiant and boldest act of  civil disobedience against the British Empire. He started his 241 mile march  from Sabarmati to the town of Dandi by the Arabian Sea. He set out with 78  followers but as word travelled that number grew and by the time he reached his  destination on the 5<sup>th<\/sup> of April that year, he had tens of thousands  following him. When he reached the Arabian Sea his plan was to take salt that  deposits during high tide, but the authorities had already anticipated this and  had it crushed into the mud. Not deterred by this Ghandi reached down into the  mud and took a handful of the natural salt and by this he had defied the  British. Gandhi became such a huge political figure the British found they had  no defence against his acts of defiance and they were forced to discuss India&rsquo;s  Independence.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">The  government of the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\/\">United Kingdom<\/a> passed the Indian Independence act in 1947  which received royal ascent on the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of July that year making it  law. The act gave independence to the subcontinent of India which had  previously been under British rule. However western India had expressed its  desire to become an independent dominion separate from the rest of India and  therefore the act proclaimed that both India and the new dominion of <a title=\"Pakistan\" href=\"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/pakistan\/\">Pakistan<\/a>  would gain there independence as of midnight between the 14<sup>th<\/sup> and 15<sup>th<\/sup> of August 1947. Both Pakistan and India also joined the British Commonwealth of  Nations on the 15<sup>th<\/sup> of August 1947.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">India wished to remain  part of the British Commonwealth but also wanted to become a republic, so steps  were taken to change the constitution of the Commonwealth in 1949. In order to  still incorporate India it was agreed that member states no longer had to pledge  allegiance to the British Crown and that all members were &ldquo;free and equal  members of the Commonwealth of Nations, freely co-operating in the pursuit of  peace, liberty and progress.&rdquo;&nbsp; This was  the birth of the Commonwealth of Nations. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">On the 26<sup>th<\/sup> of  January 1950 India became a republic with their own constitution, head of state  (President Dr Rajendra Prasad) and their own flag.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:10.0pt; \">Pakistan  now celebrates their independence on the 14<sup>th<\/sup> of August each year  while India celebrates their independence on the 15<sup>th<\/sup> each year. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1947-10-15<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1947\u00a0<a title=\"India\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/india\">India<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a title=\"Pakistan\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/pakistan\">Pakistan<\/a>\u00a0joined the <a title=\"British Commonwealth of Nations: Member States and Countries\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/the-commonwealth-of-nations\/\">Commonwealth of Nations<\/a>.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1947-10-15<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1965\u00a0<a title=\"Singapore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/singapore\">Singapore<\/a>\u00a0became a <a title=\"Members of the Commonwealth of Nations\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/members-commonwealth-nations\/\">member of the Commonwealth of Nations<\/a>.<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1947-12-23<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><p style=\"font-weight: 400\"><strong>In 1947 the transistor was first demonstrated at Bell Labs in the <a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">United States<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Solid-state physics is one of many branches of physics that changed the world forever. It is the study which includes semiconducting material which is, as it sounds, the study of material that is on the cusp of being conductive of electricity and an insulator of electricity. Insulators prevent the flow of electron current because the <a title=\"Atoms\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/atoms\/#electrons\">electrons<\/a> in the atoms of the material are bound closely to the nucleus. The reason that certain materials allow current to flow (and are therefore conductive) is that they have electrons in their atoms that are so far away from the nucleus (in a high energy state) that they blend with the electrons of neighbouring identical atoms. These electrons in the outer\u00a0<a href=\"StandardModel#ElectronShells\">shell<\/a> are only bound loosely to the nucleus and can therefore wander through the material from atom to atom carrying their electron charge. Semiconductors are materials that have their electrons on the edge of this threshold (known as the valence or conductive band) and they can be manipulated into having some of their electrons moved into the next shell (higher energy state) allowing them to be conductive. When the electrons are moved into the next shell they leave a \u2018hole\u2019 (similar to\u00a0<a href=\"StandardModel#DiracsPredictionofAntimatter\">Dirac\u2019s prediction of antimatter<\/a>) in the shell they just left. Artificial semi-conductive materials are made (originally out of crystals of Germanium) some with more free electrons (known as p-type semiconductors) and others with more of the \u2018holes\u2019 (known as n-type semiconductors). By placing these different artificial materials together you can control if it is conductive of electricity or not. Combining two slices of n and p together gives you a diode which only allows current to flow in one direction. Leaving a gap between the two semiconductors so that the electrons from p-type (more free electrons) jump to n-type (more \u2019holes\u2019). As they jump they spark and this produces the light seen in light-emitting diodes or LEDs. Making a sandwich with three of the semiconductors (either n-p-n or p-n-p) makes a transistor which if one part receives an electric current through the middle section allows a stronger current to pass through the outer sections of the sandwich. The transistor removed the need for old valves which were comparatively very large and with the printed circuit board it was possible to shrink electronics greatly. Now silicon is used as a semi-conductive material and can be made cheaply and placed in thin layers, allowing entire circuits of transistors and diodes to be made in tiny chips. It is thanks to this technology and the study of steady-state physics that has allowed computers to become so small, cheap and powerful, dominating all modern technology.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;]<\/p>\n<style><!-- 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