{"id":23958,"date":"2025-09-15T10:53:10","date_gmt":"2025-09-15T09:53:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?p=23958"},"modified":"2025-09-15T10:53:23","modified_gmt":"2025-09-15T09:53:23","slug":"year-1953","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/year-1953\/","title":{"rendered":"Year 1953"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; 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background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><!-- divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<table class=\"tdih_table\"><thead><th class=\"tdih_event_date\">Date<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_type\">Type<\/th><th class=\"tdih_event_name\">Event<\/th><\/thead><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1953-01-07<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1953<\/strong> President Harry Truman announced that the\u00a0<a title=\"United States of America\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-states\">United States of America<\/a> had developed a\u00a0<a title=\"Hydrogen\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/hydrogen\">Hydrogen<\/a>\u00a0Bomb (H-Bomb).\r\n\r\nThe development of the <strong>hydrogen bomb<\/strong> by the United States marked a critical and controversial chapter in the history of nuclear weapons and the Cold War. The hydrogen bomb, also known as a <strong>thermonuclear bomb<\/strong>, was far more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.\r\n\r\nThe idea of a hydrogen bomb was first proposed during World War II. Unlike atomic bombs, which rely on nuclear fission (splitting atomic nuclei), hydrogen bombs use <strong>nuclear fusion<\/strong>\u2014the same process that powers the sun\u2014to release energy. This involves fusing lighter nuclei, such as isotopes of hydrogen, to create heavier elements.\r\n\r\nThe United States began seriously pursuing the hydrogen bomb after the Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb in 1949, ending America's monopoly on nuclear weapons. This event, coupled with rising tensions in the Cold War, prompted President <strong>Harry S. Truman<\/strong> in 1950 to approve the development of a \"super bomb.\"\r\n\r\nThe first full-scale hydrogen bomb test, codenamed <strong>\"Ivy Mike\"<\/strong>, was conducted on <strong>November 1, 1952<\/strong>, at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. The explosion was equivalent to <strong>10.4 megatons of TNT<\/strong>, over 500 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.\r\n\r\nThe successful test of the hydrogen bomb escalated the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Soviets tested their first hydrogen bomb in 1953, initiating a period of intense competition in the development and stockpiling of increasingly powerful nuclear weapons.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1953-02-05<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"><strong>In 1953<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>sweet rationing finally ended in Britain after 11 years. <\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe rationing started due to supply lines and production of foods being hampered by the\u00a0<a title=\"Germany\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/germany\">Germans<\/a>\u00a0in World War II and came into effect on the 8<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of January 1940 (with sweets and chocolate being rationed from the 26<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0of July 1942). Many\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/english\">English<\/a>\u00a0shops and companies gave away free sweets in celebration.\r\n\r\nRationing in the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">UK<\/a> was a government-controlled system of limiting food, fuel, and essential goods to ensure fair distribution, particularly during and after wartime. It was most notably implemented during <strong>World War II (1939\u20131945)<\/strong> and continued in various forms until <strong>1954<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nThe British government introduced rationing in January <strong>1940<\/strong>, shortly after the outbreak of World War II. The aim was to manage shortages caused by disrupted imports and to ensure that everyone had access to essential supplies. The Ministry of Food issued ration books to all citizens, containing coupons for items like:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Food<\/strong>: Meat, sugar, butter, cheese, eggs, and milk.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Clothing<\/strong>: Limited under the \"Utility Clothing Scheme\" from 1941.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Fuel<\/strong>: Petrol was rationed from 1939, followed by coal and gas.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPeople were encouraged to grow their own food through the <strong>\"Dig for Victory\"<\/strong> campaign, and alternative recipes were promoted using available ingredients.\r\n\r\nEven after the war ended in 1945, rationing <strong>continued<\/strong> due to economic hardship and the need to rebuild the country. Some items, such as bread (not rationed during the war), were placed under rationing from <strong>1946 to 1948<\/strong>. Meat remained rationed the longest and was not fully decontrolled until <strong>July 1954<\/strong>.\r\n\r\nRationing had a profound effect on British society. It encouraged healthier diets with lower sugar and fat intake, reduced food waste, and promoted self-sufficiency. However, it also led to <strong>black markets<\/strong>, where people illegally traded rationed goods.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1953-04-25<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\"> <p class=\"MsoNormal\">&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><strong><span style=\"line-height:115%; font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:12.0pt; \">On this day in 1953<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:12.0pt; \"> the structure of DNA was first published in the Journal, Nature, finally  explaining the question of how life reproduces. The structure of DNA  (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) was discovered at Cambridge University, <a href=\"..\/England.html\">England<\/a> on the  28<sup>th<\/sup> of February 1953. The discovery was hailed as one of the  greatest discoveries of the 20<sup>th<\/sup> Century. Molecular biologists James  D. Watson (American) and Francis Crick (English) were attempting to discover  the shape of DNA in the hope of uncovering how it replicates itself. They  received x-ray images from Maurice Wilkins of DNA in early February allowing  them to make the discovery and model of the double helix. Maurice Wilkins was  working with Rosalind Franklin to study DNA using x-ray diffraction at Kings  College London. The discovery would not be announced until the 25<sup>th<\/sup> April 1953 when it was published in the Journal Nature and would later earn  Watson, Crick and Wilkins the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Unfortunately Rosalind  Franklin died in 1958 before the Prize was awarded. In January 2013 scientist  working at Cambridge University discovered the presence of the &lsquo;Quadruple  Helix&rsquo; in some human cells. Published in the Journal, Nature, the scientists  believe that it may be linked to cancer and controlling the structure may prove  a new way to fight the disease.<\/span><\/p>\r\n  <p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align:justify;text-indent:36.0pt;\"><span style=\"font-family:'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size:12.0pt; \">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1953-05-29<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\">&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;text-indent: 36.0pt\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">On this day in 1953 Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese Sherpa, become the first explorers to reach the summit of Mount Everest.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">It was part of a British expedition to reach the top of the 29,035ft Mountain which is the highest point on <a title=\"Planet Earth\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/planet-earth\">Earth<\/a>. Everest is part of the Himalayan mountain range that sits on the border of Tibet and Nepal. It was named after Sir George Everest, a 19th-century <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">British<\/a> surveyor of South <a title=\"Countries of Asia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/countries-of-asia\/\">Asia<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">On the 8<sup>th<\/sup> of June 1929, British climbers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine left their base camp in an attempt to reach the summit and had never been seen since. If they managed to reach the summit or not has never been discovered but they were last seen alive at the base of the final pyramid.\u00a0 The body of George Mallory was found on Everest in 1999.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">On this day 24 years later Edmund Hillary took photos of the view of Tenzing Norgay holding the flags of the United Nations, Great Britain, Nepal and <a title=\"India\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/india\">India<\/a>. Norgay also buried sweets at the summit as an offering to Buddha. The pair also searched for the bodies of Mallory and Irvine but without success. Due to the lack of oxygen, they could only remain at the summit for 15 minutes before the arduous journey back down began.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">News of their success reached Britain on the 2<sup>nd<\/sup> of June, the day before the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Hilary and Colonel Hunt (who helped organise and joined the pair on the expedition but remained at base camp before the final ascent) were knighted for their achievement. Norgay was awarded the George Cross which was the highest award that could be given to civilians outside the <a title=\"British Commonwealth of Nations: Member States and Countries\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/the-commonwealth-of-nations\/\">Commonwealth<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">According to <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.royal.gov.uk\/MonarchUK\/Honours\/Knighthoods.aspx\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">http:\/\/www.royal.gov.uk\/MonarchUK\/Honours\/Knighthoods.aspx<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"> and <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.royal.gov.uk\/MonarchUK\/Honours\/Commonwealthhonours.aspx\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">http:\/\/www.royal.gov.uk\/MonarchUK\/Honours\/Commonwealthhonours.aspx<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\"> Knighthoods are only awarded to members of the Commonwealth of Nations but those outside these countries can be awarded an honorary knighthood. This, however, does not carry the title of Sir.<\/span>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"tdih_event_date\">1953-06-02<\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_type\"><\/td><td class=\"tdih_event_name\">&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;text-indent: 36.0pt\"><strong><span>On this day in 1953, the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II takes place at Westminster Abbey.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify;text-indent: 36.0pt\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify\"><span>King George VIII died peacefully in his sleep on the 6<sup>th<\/sup> of February 1952, aged 56, leaving his daughter Queen Elizabeth II, on his throne when she was 25. Elizabeth spent several months away from the public eye, mourning the death of her father. After her mourning period, Queen Elizabeth II began her royal duties and on this day in 1953, she took the oath, promising to serve the people of the <a title=\"United Kingdom\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/united-kingdom\">United Kingdom<\/a> and maintain the laws of god. After the oath Elizabeth was given the four symbols of power; the orb, the sceptre, the rod of mercy and the royal ring. Finally, St Edward's crown was placed on her head by the Archbishop of Canterbury which completed the ceremony for over a thousand years. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify\"><span>As head of the <a title=\"British Commonwealth of Nations: Member States and Countries\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/the-commonwealth-of-nations\/\">Commonwealth of Nations<\/a>, many nations\u2019 leaders and dignitaries were present to witness the event first-hand. But this coronation was the first to be televised and watched by millions of people worldwide. Despite the invention of the television thirty years before the coronations of her uncle and father were not televised, Many believed that televising the event may make the ceremony less dignified. Still, Queen Elizabeth felt that her people should have the opportunity to see the coronation, which shouldn\u2019t be reserved for only select guests.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify\"><span>And the BBC crowned Queen Elizabeth II on live television, despite the Prime Minister\u2019s (Winston Churchill) objections to the broadcast.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-top: 12.0pt;text-align: justify\"><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/divi:shortcode --><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; theme_builder_area=&#8221;post_content&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; 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