{"id":409,"date":"2016-02-28T23:34:13","date_gmt":"2016-02-28T23:34:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/?page_id=409"},"modified":"2025-06-19T14:07:16","modified_gmt":"2025-06-19T13:07:16","slug":"planet-mercury","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/planet-mercury\/","title":{"rendered":"Planet Mercury"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"55\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Planet-Mercury.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7995\" src=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Planet-Mercury.jpg\" alt=\"Planet Mercury\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Planet-Mercury.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Planet-Mercury-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Planet-Mercury-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.earth-site.co.uk\/Education\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/Planet-Mercury-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/a><\/h1>\n<h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"55\">Mercury: The Smallest Planet With a Big Story to Tell<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"57\" data-end=\"570\">Mercury, the smallest planet in our solar system, is often overlooked\u2014but it shouldn&#8217;t be. As the <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"184\">closest planet to the Sun<\/strong>, it\u2019s a fascinating world of extremes: searing heat and icy shadows, a bizarre orbit, and a mysterious magnetic field. Though tiny, it\u2019s packed with surprises that help scientists understand how the <strong data-start=\"384\" data-end=\"400\">solar system<\/strong> formed and evolved. This article dives into the <strong data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"467\">planet Mercury<\/strong>, exploring what makes this <strong data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"511\">rocky planet<\/strong> so unique and why it continues to capture our imagination.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"575\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"598\">Article Outline<\/h2>\n<ol data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"1056\">\n<li data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"642\">\n<p data-start=\"603\" data-end=\"642\">What is Mercury and Why Is It Unique?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"693\">\n<p data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"693\">Where Is Mercury Located in the Solar System?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"694\" data-end=\"728\">\n<p data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"728\">What Is Mercury\u2019s Orbit Like?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"729\" data-end=\"773\">\n<p data-start=\"732\" data-end=\"773\">What Is the Surface of Mercury Made Of?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"774\" data-end=\"810\">\n<p data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"810\">Why Is Mercury So Hot and Cold?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"811\" data-end=\"868\">\n<p data-start=\"814\" data-end=\"868\">How Was Mercury Explored by NASA and Other Agencies?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"917\">\n<p data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"917\">What Did the MESSENGER Spacecraft Discover?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"970\">\n<p data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"970\">What Makes Mercury\u2019s Magnetic Field So Unusual?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"971\" data-end=\"1010\">\n<p data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"1010\">How Does Mercury Compare to Venus?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1011\" data-end=\"1056\">\n<p data-start=\"1015\" data-end=\"1056\">Fun Mercury Facts That Might Surprise You<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><iframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YVcj_TtPLe4?si=YvKH9M57NDlNcGG8\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1058\" data-end=\"1061\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1106\">1. What is Mercury and Why Is It Unique?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1108\" data-end=\"1541\">Mercury is the <strong data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1162\">smallest planet in the solar system<\/strong>, just slightly larger than our Moon. Despite its size, <strong data-start=\"1218\" data-end=\"1236\">Mercury is one<\/strong> of the most fascinating celestial bodies. It\u2019s often referred to as a <strong data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1329\">planet of extremes<\/strong> due to its temperature fluctuations and close <strong data-start=\"1376\" data-end=\"1400\">proximity to the Sun<\/strong>. While it\u2019s the <strong data-start=\"1417\" data-end=\"1446\">closest planet to the Sun<\/strong>, it&#8217;s not the <strong data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1479\">hottest planet<\/strong>\u2014that title goes to <strong data-start=\"1499\" data-end=\"1508\">Venus<\/strong>, thanks to its thick atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1822\"><strong data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1563\">Mercury is named<\/strong> after the Roman <strong data-start=\"1580\" data-end=\"1595\">god Mercury<\/strong>, the swift messenger of the gods, which is fitting since <strong data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1686\">Mercury speeds around the Sun<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1687\" data-end=\"1719\">faster than any other planet<\/strong>\u2014completing a full <strong data-start=\"1738\" data-end=\"1767\">orbit every 88 Earth days<\/strong>. That\u2019s why it\u2019s also known as the <strong data-start=\"1803\" data-end=\"1821\">fastest planet<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1824\" data-end=\"1827\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"1829\" data-end=\"1880\">2. Where Is Mercury Located in the Solar System?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1882\" data-end=\"2191\"><strong data-start=\"1882\" data-end=\"1926\">Mercury is the first planet from the Sun<\/strong>, orbiting at a distance of just 36 million miles (58 million km). This <strong data-start=\"1998\" data-end=\"2023\">distance from the Sun<\/strong> means it experiences intense solar radiation and gravitational forces. Despite being so <strong data-start=\"2112\" data-end=\"2132\">close to the Sun<\/strong>, it has no moons, no rings, and no significant atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2193\" data-end=\"2391\">Its <strong data-start=\"2197\" data-end=\"2221\">orbit around the Sun<\/strong> is highly elliptical, giving it the most eccentric <strong data-start=\"2273\" data-end=\"2296\">orbit of any planet<\/strong> in the <strong data-start=\"2304\" data-end=\"2320\">solar system<\/strong>. This means sometimes it\u2019s much closer to the Sun than at other times.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2393\" data-end=\"2396\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2398\" data-end=\"2433\">3. What Is Mercury\u2019s Orbit Like?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2435\" data-end=\"2747\">Mercury\u2019s <strong data-start=\"2445\" data-end=\"2469\">orbit around the Sun<\/strong> is like nothing else. While it takes <strong data-start=\"2507\" data-end=\"2524\">88 Earth days<\/strong> to complete a lap, its rotation on its axis is slow. It takes about <strong data-start=\"2593\" data-end=\"2610\">59 Earth days<\/strong> to rotate once, which causes a unique phenomenon where <strong data-start=\"2666\" data-end=\"2712\">one day on Mercury lasts two Mercury years<\/strong>\u2014or about <strong data-start=\"2722\" data-end=\"2746\">two years on Mercury<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2749\" data-end=\"3004\">Because of its strange <strong data-start=\"2772\" data-end=\"2781\">orbit<\/strong>, in some places, the <strong data-start=\"2803\" data-end=\"2834\">Sun appears to rise briefly<\/strong>, set, and then rise again. Imagine a double sunrise on a single day! This happens because of the way <strong data-start=\"2936\" data-end=\"2953\">Mercury spins<\/strong> and orbits at different speeds <strong data-start=\"2985\" data-end=\"3003\">around the Sun<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3006\" data-end=\"3009\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3011\" data-end=\"3056\">4. What Is the Surface of Mercury Made Of?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3058\" data-end=\"3314\">The <strong data-start=\"3062\" data-end=\"3084\">surface of Mercury<\/strong> is rocky and heavily cratered, resembling Earth\u2019s Moon. It features large plains, towering cliffs, and deep <strong data-start=\"3193\" data-end=\"3211\">impact craters<\/strong>. One massive <strong data-start=\"3225\" data-end=\"3246\">crater on Mercury<\/strong>, known as the Caloris Basin, stretches 960 miles (1,550 km) across.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3316\" data-end=\"3565\">The <strong data-start=\"3320\" data-end=\"3340\">crust of Mercury<\/strong> is rich in silicate rocks and metals, and <strong data-start=\"3383\" data-end=\"3403\">parts of Mercury<\/strong> have visible scarps\u2014huge cliff-like features caused by the planet shrinking as it cooled. These <strong data-start=\"3500\" data-end=\"3523\">features on Mercury<\/strong> are evidence of its active geologic past.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3567\" data-end=\"3721\">Images from spacecraft reveal a rugged <strong data-start=\"3606\" data-end=\"3625\">view of Mercury<\/strong>, with a grey, barren <strong data-start=\"3647\" data-end=\"3667\">planet&#8217;s surface<\/strong> battered by meteoroid impacts over billions of years.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3723\" data-end=\"3726\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3728\" data-end=\"3765\">5. Why Is Mercury So Hot and Cold?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3767\" data-end=\"4038\"><strong data-start=\"3767\" data-end=\"3794\">Temperatures on Mercury<\/strong> are wild. It can be over 800\u00b0F (430\u00b0C) during the day and drop to -290\u00b0F (-180\u00b0C) at night. This extreme <strong data-start=\"3900\" data-end=\"3923\">surface temperature<\/strong> swing happens because <strong data-start=\"3946\" data-end=\"3981\">Mercury is only slightly larger<\/strong> than the Moon and has almost no atmosphere to trap heat.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4040\" data-end=\"4294\">Despite being <strong data-start=\"4054\" data-end=\"4074\">close to the Sun<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"4076\" data-end=\"4105\">the surface of the planet<\/strong> has <strong data-start=\"4110\" data-end=\"4142\">permanently shadowed craters<\/strong> near the <strong data-start=\"4152\" data-end=\"4171\">pole of Mercury<\/strong> where ice can exist. These areas never receive sunlight and are cold enough to preserve water ice\u2014an unexpected discovery.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4296\" data-end=\"4299\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"4301\" data-end=\"4359\">6. How Was Mercury Explored by NASA and Other Agencies?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4361\" data-end=\"4603\">The first <strong data-start=\"4371\" data-end=\"4385\">spacecraft<\/strong> to <strong data-start=\"4389\" data-end=\"4406\">visit Mercury<\/strong> was <strong data-start=\"4411\" data-end=\"4425\">Mariner 10<\/strong>, which flew by three times in 1974\u201375. It gave scientists the first <strong data-start=\"4494\" data-end=\"4514\">image of Mercury<\/strong>, revealing a landscape filled with <strong data-start=\"4550\" data-end=\"4561\">craters<\/strong> and surprising hints of a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4605\" data-end=\"4831\">Decades later, <strong data-start=\"4620\" data-end=\"4628\">NASA<\/strong> launched the <strong data-start=\"4642\" data-end=\"4663\">MESSENGER mission<\/strong> (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging), which entered <strong data-start=\"4743\" data-end=\"4767\">orbit around Mercury<\/strong> in 2011. It spent four years studying the <strong data-start=\"4810\" data-end=\"4820\">planet<\/strong> in detail.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4833\" data-end=\"5074\"><strong data-start=\"4833\" data-end=\"4841\">NASA<\/strong> collaborated with institutions like the <strong data-start=\"4882\" data-end=\"4937\">Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory<\/strong> and the <strong data-start=\"4946\" data-end=\"4984\">Carnegie Institution of Washington<\/strong> to design and operate <strong data-start=\"5007\" data-end=\"5020\">MESSENGER<\/strong>, expanding our understanding of this <strong data-start=\"5058\" data-end=\"5073\">tiny planet<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5076\" data-end=\"5079\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5081\" data-end=\"5130\">7. What Did the MESSENGER Spacecraft Discover?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5132\" data-end=\"5394\"><strong data-start=\"5132\" data-end=\"5145\">MESSENGER<\/strong> revealed a wealth of data about <strong data-start=\"5178\" data-end=\"5199\">Mercury\u2019s surface<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"5201\" data-end=\"5210\">crust<\/strong>, and core. It confirmed that the <strong data-start=\"5244\" data-end=\"5266\">surface of Mercury<\/strong> contains sulfur, potassium, and other volatile elements\u2014something scientists didn\u2019t expect on a <strong data-start=\"5363\" data-end=\"5393\">planet so close to the Sun<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5396\" data-end=\"5622\">It also mapped out massive <strong data-start=\"5423\" data-end=\"5441\">impact craters<\/strong>, revealed the presence of ice in polar regions, and observed magnetic storms. It proved that <strong data-start=\"5535\" data-end=\"5550\">Mercury may<\/strong> have once been geologically active, even though it appears quiet today.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5624\" data-end=\"5788\">Among the most significant findings was how the <strong data-start=\"5672\" data-end=\"5690\">magnetic field<\/strong> is offset toward the north, which suggests asymmetry in the internal structure of the <strong data-start=\"5777\" data-end=\"5787\">planet<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5790\" data-end=\"5793\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"5795\" data-end=\"5848\">8. What Makes Mercury\u2019s Magnetic Field So Unusual?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"5850\" data-end=\"6165\">Unlike <strong data-start=\"5857\" data-end=\"5878\">Venus and Mercury<\/strong>, which are similar in size, only <strong data-start=\"5912\" data-end=\"5923\">Mercury<\/strong> has a magnetic field. This came as a surprise to many scientists. <strong data-start=\"5990\" data-end=\"6010\">NASA\u2019s MESSENGER<\/strong> showed that the magnetic field is about 1% the strength of Earth\u2019s but still strong enough to deflect solar particles and create magnetospheric phenomena.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6167\" data-end=\"6358\">The origin of this field lies in its large, liquid iron core, which still spins and generates magnetism. This makes <strong data-start=\"6283\" data-end=\"6320\">Mercury the second densest planet<\/strong> in the <strong data-start=\"6328\" data-end=\"6344\">solar system<\/strong>, after Earth.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6360\" data-end=\"6519\">The magnetic field also helps protect <strong data-start=\"6398\" data-end=\"6421\">Mercury\u2019s exosphere<\/strong>\u2014a thin, wispy \u201catmosphere\u201d made of atoms blasted off the <strong data-start=\"6479\" data-end=\"6499\">planet\u2019s surface<\/strong> by solar radiation.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6521\" data-end=\"6524\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6526\" data-end=\"6566\">9. How Does Mercury Compare to Venus?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"6568\" data-end=\"6876\">Though both are <strong data-start=\"6584\" data-end=\"6601\">rocky planets<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"6603\" data-end=\"6624\">Venus and Mercury<\/strong> are incredibly different. <strong data-start=\"6651\" data-end=\"6660\">Venus<\/strong> has a thick atmosphere and is the <strong data-start=\"6695\" data-end=\"6713\">hottest planet<\/strong> due to a runaway greenhouse effect, while <strong data-start=\"6756\" data-end=\"6767\">Mercury<\/strong>, despite being the <strong data-start=\"6787\" data-end=\"6816\">closest planet to the sun<\/strong>, has no real atmosphere and sees temperatures swing wildly.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"6878\" data-end=\"7181\"><strong data-start=\"6878\" data-end=\"6899\">Mercury and Venus<\/strong> are also often grouped together in astronomical studies due to their proximity, but <strong data-start=\"6984\" data-end=\"7003\">Mercury\u2019s orbit<\/strong>, geology, and magnetism set it apart. <strong data-start=\"7042\" data-end=\"7051\">Venus<\/strong> rotates slowly in the opposite direction of most planets, while <strong data-start=\"7116\" data-end=\"7133\">Mercury spins<\/strong> rapidly <strong data-start=\"7142\" data-end=\"7180\">around the Sun every 88 Earth days<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7183\" data-end=\"7186\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"7188\" data-end=\"7236\">10. Fun Mercury Facts That Might Surprise You<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"7238\" data-end=\"7302\">Let\u2019s wrap up with some cool and lesser-known <strong data-start=\"7284\" data-end=\"7301\">Mercury facts<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7304\" data-end=\"7887\">\n<li data-start=\"7304\" data-end=\"7410\">\n<p data-start=\"7306\" data-end=\"7410\"><strong data-start=\"7306\" data-end=\"7340\">Mercury is the smallest planet<\/strong> in the <strong data-start=\"7348\" data-end=\"7364\">solar system<\/strong>, but it has the <strong data-start=\"7381\" data-end=\"7407\">second highest density<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7411\" data-end=\"7512\">\n<p data-start=\"7413\" data-end=\"7512\">It completes an <strong data-start=\"7429\" data-end=\"7453\">orbit around the Sun<\/strong> faster than any other <strong data-start=\"7476\" data-end=\"7486\">planet<\/strong>\u2014just <strong data-start=\"7492\" data-end=\"7509\">88 Earth days<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7513\" data-end=\"7599\">\n<p data-start=\"7515\" data-end=\"7599\">Despite being so <strong data-start=\"7532\" data-end=\"7552\">close to the Sun<\/strong>, ice has been detected in its polar craters.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7600\" data-end=\"7721\">\n<p data-start=\"7602\" data-end=\"7721\">The <strong data-start=\"7606\" data-end=\"7628\">transit of Mercury<\/strong>\u2014when it passes in front of the Sun\u2014can be seen from Earth around 13\u201314 times each century.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7722\" data-end=\"7887\">\n<p data-start=\"7724\" data-end=\"7887\">The <strong data-start=\"7728\" data-end=\"7753\">European Space Agency<\/strong> and Japan\u2019s JAXA launched a joint <strong data-start=\"7788\" data-end=\"7810\">mission to Mercury<\/strong> called <strong data-start=\"7818\" data-end=\"7833\">BepiColombo<\/strong>, which is currently en route and will arrive in 2025.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"7889\" data-end=\"7892\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"7894\" data-end=\"7945\">&#x1f51a; Summary: Key Points to Remember About Mercury<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"7947\" data-end=\"8675\">\n<li data-start=\"7947\" data-end=\"8044\">\n<p data-start=\"7949\" data-end=\"8044\"><strong data-start=\"7949\" data-end=\"7993\">Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun<\/strong> and the <strong data-start=\"8002\" data-end=\"8041\">smallest planet in our solar system<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8045\" data-end=\"8119\">\n<p data-start=\"8047\" data-end=\"8119\">It has a strange <strong data-start=\"8064\" data-end=\"8073\">orbit<\/strong> and extreme <strong data-start=\"8086\" data-end=\"8109\">surface temperature<\/strong> swings.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8120\" data-end=\"8204\">\n<p data-start=\"8122\" data-end=\"8204\">The <strong data-start=\"8126\" data-end=\"8146\">planet\u2019s surface<\/strong> is covered in <strong data-start=\"8161\" data-end=\"8172\">craters<\/strong>, cliffs, and volcanic plains.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8205\" data-end=\"8313\">\n<p data-start=\"8207\" data-end=\"8313\"><strong data-start=\"8207\" data-end=\"8238\">NASA\u2019s MESSENGER spacecraft<\/strong> revolutionized our understanding of this <strong data-start=\"8280\" data-end=\"8310\">planet of the solar system<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8314\" data-end=\"8389\">\n<p data-start=\"8316\" data-end=\"8389\"><strong data-start=\"8316\" data-end=\"8334\">Mercury is one<\/strong> of only two <strong data-start=\"8347\" data-end=\"8364\">rocky planets<\/strong> with a magnetic field.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8390\" data-end=\"8478\">\n<p data-start=\"8392\" data-end=\"8478\">Ice exists in shadowed polar <strong data-start=\"8421\" data-end=\"8432\">craters<\/strong>, even on the <strong data-start=\"8446\" data-end=\"8475\">planet closest to the sun<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8479\" data-end=\"8583\">\n<p data-start=\"8481\" data-end=\"8583\">New discoveries are expected from the ongoing <strong data-start=\"8527\" data-end=\"8549\">mission to Mercury<\/strong> by <strong data-start=\"8553\" data-end=\"8571\">European Space<\/strong> agencies.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"8584\" data-end=\"8675\">\n<p data-start=\"8586\" data-end=\"8675\">Its fast orbit (just <strong data-start=\"8607\" data-end=\"8624\">88 Earth days<\/strong>) and strange day-night cycle make it truly unique.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\"><a href=\"#Orbit-of-Planet-Mercury\">Orbit of Planet Mercury<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\"><a href=\"#Temperature-Variations-on-Mercury\">Temperature Variations on Mercury<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\"><a href=\"#Transit-of-Mercury\">Transit of Mercury<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\"><a href=\"#Messenger\">Messenger<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\"><a href=\"#The-Smiling-Face-Crater-on-Mercury\">The Smiling Face Crater on Mercury<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\"><a href=\"#The-Surface-of-Mercury\">The Surface of Mercury<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\"><a href=\"#Where-in-the-Universe\">Where in the Universe?<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\"><a href=\"#Quick-Stats\">Quick Stats<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.0pt;\"><a id=\"Orbit-of-Planet-Mercury\" name=\"Orbit-of-Planet-Mercury\"><\/a>The Orbit of Planet Mercury<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin: 0px 20px;\" src=\"\/Education\/Images\/Astronomy\/Mercury\/Mercury.gif\" alt=\"Planet Mercury\" width=\"202\" height=\"202\" align=\"left\" hspace=\"12\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">According to Newton\u2019s laws of gravity the planets should orbit the sun in a certain way unless they are influenced by external forces.\u00a0 And they do, all that is, except the planet Mercury. For hundreds of years the exception in Mercury\u2019s orbit led scientist to believe that another much smaller planet, named Vulcan, must exist between the Sun and Mercury. But in 1915 Einstein\u2019s Theory of General Relatively managed to explain the anomaly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">Mercury has an elliptical orbit of the sun which varies from about 47 million kilometres to 70 kilometres out from the Sun. Mercury is named after the messenger of the Roman gods due to the speed of its orbit. Travelling at about 50 kilometres per second (31 miles per second) it takes it 88 Earth days to make one orbit of the Sun. Mercury has a very slow rotation speed, so slow that 1 Mercury day is equivalent to 58.6 Earth days meaning Mercury has only 1.5 days in its year.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.0pt;\"><a id=\"Temperature-Variations-on-Mercury\" name=\"Temperature-Variations-on-Mercury\"><\/a>Temperature Variations on Mercury<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">Being that close to the Sun and spinningso slowly means that the planets surface can reach temperatures of 430 \u00b0C (806\u00b0F or 703\u00b0K) in the day time but without an atmosphere the heat is lost quickly at night with temperatures dropping to -180\u00b0C (-292\u00b0F or 93\u00b0K).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.0pt;\"><a id=\"Transit-of-Mercury\" name=\"Transit-of-Mercury\"><\/a>Transit of Mercury<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin: 0px 20px;\" src=\"\/Education\/Images\/Astronomy\/Mercury\/Mercury Transit.PNG\" alt=\"The Transit ofPlanet Mercury\" width=\"396\" height=\"368\" align=\"left\" hspace=\"12\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">Mercury is not an easy planet to study as it is relatively small and the closest we ever come to one another during our orbits is 80 million kilometres (50 million miles). When planets pass in front of the Sun (their transit) they produce a shadow which can be viewed from Earth but due to the intense, bright light produced by the Sun, Mercury\u2019s miniscule shadow is not visible in full daylight and has to be viewed during twilight.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">The image of Mercury\u2019s transit of the Sun (Credit NASA) can be viewed from Earth only 13 times every 100 years. On the 7th of May 2003 NASA\u2019s SOHO and TRACE spacecraft took these images of the dot that is Mercury in front of the enormous Sun.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.0pt;\"><a id=\"Messenger\" name=\"Messenger\"><\/a>Messenger<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">NASA has sent many space craft to Mercury in order to get greater insight, managing to map the entire surface. One of these Spacecraft is called Messenger (MErcury Surface, Space ENviroment, GEochemistry and Ranging) was the first object to orbit Mercury; the images it took were transmitted back to Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.0pt;\"><a id=\"The-Smiling-Face-Crater-on-Mercury\" name=\"The-Smiling-Face-Crater-on-Mercury\"><\/a>The Smiling Face Crater on Mercury<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin: 0px 20px;\" src=\"\/Education\/Images\/Astronomy\/Mercury\/Crater.PNG\" alt=\"Smilling Face\" width=\"288\" height=\"217\" align=\"left\" hspace=\"12\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">(Image credit NASA)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">Messenger has now mapped the entire surface of Mercury in monochrome at a resolution of 200m per pixel and almost completely mapped the planet as a colour image to a resolution of 1km per pixel. The image of a crater was taken by the Messenger spacecraft and the smiling face is created by peaks of a crater.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.0pt;\"><a id=\"The-Surface-of-Mercury\" name=\"The-Surface-of-Mercury\"><\/a>The Surface of Mercury<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/Education\/Images\/Astronomy\/Mercury\/New Images from Messenger.PNG\" alt=\"Surface of Planet Mercury\" width=\"606\" height=\"456\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">NASA recently released this image retrieved from the MESSENGER spacecraft. The image doesn\u2019t show the natural colours of the planet Mercury but instead is produced by various apparatus on board MESSENGER. The blue colour displays various mineral deposits and the yellow shows volcanic activity. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.0pt;\">Mercury\u2019s surface resembles the moon where it has been bombarded by meteors and comets yet it\u2019s make up is similar to ours in many ways. Billions of years ago, it was a hive of volcanic activity and as it cooled its radius shrank by a couple of kilometres. The crust contracted and strengthened trapping a layer of molten rock about 600 kilometres thick (Mercury\u2019s mantel). Like Earth it also has a very large iron core which is about 75% of the planets radius making it the second densest planet in our solar system beaten only by Earth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.0pt;\"><a id=\"Where-in-the-Universe\" name=\"Where-in-the-Universe\"><\/a>Where in the Universe?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/Education\/Images\/Astronomy\/Mercury\/Where in the Solar System.PNG\" alt=\"Where in the Universe\" width=\"672\" height=\"406\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 14.0pt;\"><a id=\"Quick-Stats\" name=\"Quick-Stats\"><\/a>Quick Stats<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"MsoTableGrid\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\" border=\"1\" width=\"481\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Moons<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Rings<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;\" valign=\"top\">Orbit Eccentricity<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;\" valign=\"top\">0.20563593<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Orbit period<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">88 Earth Days<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Rotation Period<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">58 Earth Days 15.5 Hours<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Equatorial Circumference<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">15,329 km (9,525 miles)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Overall Density<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">5.427 g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Mass (Earth = 1)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">0.055<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Gravity (Earth = 1)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Minimum Temperature<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\"><span class=\"MsoNormal style1 style98\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">-180\u00b0C (-292\u00b0F or 93\u00b0K)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 125.9pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"208\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">Maximum Temperature<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 127.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"239\">\n<p class=\"MsoNormal style1\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">58\u00b0C (136\u00b0F or 331<span class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;\">\u00b0<\/span>K)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mercury: The Smallest Planet With a Big Story to Tell Mercury, the smallest planet in our solar system, is often 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