Capital

of Afghanistan: Kabul

Population (Estimated July 2023): 41,419,928

Area of Afghanistan: 652,864km2 or 252,072mi2

Currency: Afghani (AFN)

Official Language: Dari and Pashto

Political Information: Islamic Republic

Official Religion: Islam

(approximately 99% of the population is Muslim and 1% have other religious beliefs)

Highest Mountain: The Hindu Kush at 7,492 m or 24,580ft

Longest River: Amu Darya 1,415km

Time Zone (GMT/UTC): + 4:30

Wildlife: Alta Weasel, Asiatic Black Bear, Asiatic Brown Bear, Caracal, Eurasian Otter, Geoffroy’s Bat, Gray Wolf, Hare, Ibex, Kashmir Cave Bat, Leopard, Lesser Horseshoe Bat, Long-Tailed Marmat, Lynx, Marco Polo Sheep, Markhor, Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat, Mouflon, Pallas’ Cat, Pikas, Red Fox, Sind Bat, Snow Leopard, Stoat, Stone Marten, Wild Goat and Zarudny’s Jird.

Counties/Provinces/States:
Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamyan, Daykundi, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghor, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kabul, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khost, Kunar, Kunduz, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Nuristan, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Panjshir, Parwan, Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Wardak and Zabul.

Leaders: President Hamid Karzai

Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica,

Afghanistan

Afghanistan, a country long known for its strategic location and rugged terrain, has remained at the centre of global attention for decades. From the war in Afghanistan to the current political instability under the Taliban, this nation’s complex history, ongoing humanitarian crises, and shifting alliances continue to shape international policy. With the World Bank highlighting Afghanistan’s economic fragility, and the U.S. government’s introduction of Temporary Protected Status for Afghanistan, this article offers a timely and comprehensive country profile of Afghanistan. Understanding its past, present, and future is essential to grasp the broader implications of security, development, and human rights in the region.

What is the Historical Background of Afghanistan?

Afghanistan’s strategic location has made it a geopolitical crossroads throughout history. From the ancient Afghan Empire to the Kingdom of Afghanistan under Mohammed Zahir Shah, the region has seen numerous rulers and empires come and go. The First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842), Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880), and Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) with British India significantly shaped modern Afghan borders and identity.

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was established after the U.S.-led intervention in 2001, following years of civil war and Taliban rule. This period saw attempts to stabilize Afghanistan, rebuild infrastructure, and implement democratic governance. The Afghan National Army and Afghan officials played a key role in national security, but corruption and insurgency persisted.

Who Are the Taliban and How Did They Regain Power?

The Taliban, an Islamist militant group, emerged in the 1990s from the chaos of the Afghan Civil War. Known for their strict interpretation of Sharia law, the Taliban ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until the U.S. intervention in 2001. After two decades of insurgency and regrouping, the Taliban swiftly retook power in August 2021, coinciding with the U.S. troop withdrawal.

Taliban leaders capitalized on widespread discontent with the Afghan government and rural Afghanistan’s neglect. As international forces began withdrawing from Afghanistan, the Taliban launched a series of military offensives, culminating in the capture of Kabul and the collapse of the Afghan government.

What Happened in August 2021 and Why Was It a Turning Point?

August 2021 marked a dramatic shift in the state of Afghanistan. As the U.S. completed its mission in Afghanistan, the rapid collapse of Afghan forces surprised both allies and adversaries. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was declared by the Taliban following their takeover of Kabul.

This moment symbolized not only the end of the war in Afghanistan but also a new chapter of uncertainty. The international community faced urgent questions about humanitarian assistance, recognition of the new regime, and the protection of Afghan nationals—particularly those who had assisted international development efforts.

How Has the Taliban’s Rule Affected Kabul and Other Afghan Cities?

Kabul, once the center of Afghan modernization and government control, has become a symbol of the Taliban’s resurgence. Under Taliban rule, life in Kabul has drastically changed, especially for Afghan women and civil society. The group has enforced strict dress codes, banned women from many forms of employment and education, and restricted media freedom.

Across Afghanistan, particularly in southern Afghanistan and central Afghanistan, food insecurity and humanitarian crises have worsened. International airports remain under Taliban control, complicating evacuations and international travel.

What is the Current Status of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan?

The Taliban refer to their regime as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, reviving the name they used in the 1990s. However, this self-styled emirate is not officially recognized by any major country. Despite this, the Taliban have formed a de facto government with a Taliban leader at the helm, enforcing strict Islamic laws.

International bodies like the UN Security Council continue to monitor the situation in the country, while discussions about the legitimacy of the Emirate of Afghanistan remain unresolved. The Islamic State (ISIS-K) has also gained a foothold, further complicating the Taliban’s claim to national security.

How is the Afghan Government Structured Today?

Following the Taliban takeover, the formal structures of the Afghan government have largely been dismantled or absorbed. The previous democratic institutions, including the Afghan presidential election process, have been suspended indefinitely. The Afghan president fled the country, and the national unity government dissolved.

Current governance is largely opaque, directed by senior Taliban figures who are not elected. Ministries have been reshaped under a religious framework, reducing the role of secular law and effectively marginalising many Afghan professionals and civil servants.

What Happened to the Afghan Presidential Election and National Unity Government?

Prior to 2021, Afghanistan held regular presidential elections, though they were often marred by allegations of fraud. President Hamid Karzai and his successors attempted to foster democratic governance, with limited success. The national unity government, formed after the disputed 2014 election, aimed to bring stability but was hampered by internal divisions and security concerns.

With the Taliban’s return, the electoral process has disappeared. There are no immediate plans for elections or national consultation. Afghan civil society has been severely weakened, and political dissent is often met with intimidation or worse.

How Have International Forces and the U.S. Shaped the Conflict in Afghanistan?

The U.S. and NATO’s engagement in Afghanistan began in 2001, with the mission in Afghanistan aimed at eliminating terrorism and establishing democratic institutions. The international security assistance force helped train the Afghan army and supported the reconstruction of infrastructure and governance.

However, the prolonged engagement in Afghanistan led to criticism over its cost, effectiveness, and civilian casualties. The decision to withdraw troops from Afghanistan in 2021 ended a 20-year presence but left a fragile state in its wake. The uncoordinated exit and rapid Taliban advance prompted comparisons to the fall of Saigon.

What is the Situation for Afghan Women and Girls Under the Taliban?

Under the Taliban’s Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, women and girls face severe restrictions. Many have been banned from secondary education and employment in public sectors. The situation has been condemned by Human Rights Watch and labeled a potential crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court.

Afghan women, who once held political office and ran businesses, now face repression and loss of basic rights. The plight of Afghan women underscores the broader issue of human rights in Afghanistan and has prompted protests both within and outside the country.

What is the Future of the Afghan Economy and International Aid?

The Afghan economy has been in freefall since the Taliban takeover. The World Bank reports a dramatic decline in GDP, rising unemployment, and widespread poverty. The freezing of Afghan central bank assets and suspension of international development funds have compounded the crisis.

International aid remains a critical lifeline. Humanitarian assistance efforts continue, but logistical and political barriers impede delivery. Afghanistan faces food insecurity and a public health emergency, making the role of the international community vital to rebuilding Afghanistan and supporting the Afghan population.

Afghanistan, located in Central Asia, is a country that has been at the center of global attention for many years. It is a landlocked country bordered by Iran to the west, Pakistan to the east and south, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north, and China to the northeast. Afghanistan has a rich history and a diverse culture, but it has also faced numerous challenges and conflicts throughout its existence.

The purpose of this blog post is to provide a comprehensive overview of Afghanistan, covering its geography, history, politics, culture, economy, education, human rights, foreign relations, and tourism. By exploring these different aspects of Afghanistan, we can gain a better understanding of the country and its significance in the global context.

Afghanistan’s Geography and Climate

Afghanistan is located in a strategic position at the crossroads of Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East. Its geography is characterized by rugged mountains, vast deserts, and fertile valleys. The Hindu Kush mountain range runs through the country from east to west, with peaks reaching over 7,000 meters. The Amu Darya and Hari River are the major rivers in Afghanistan.

The climate in Afghanistan varies depending on the region. The northern part of the country experiences cold winters and hot summers, while the southern part has a desert climate with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The central highlands have a more moderate climate with cold winters and cool summers. The country also experiences periodic droughts and is prone to earthquakes.

The History of Afghanistan: From Ancient Times to Modern Day

Afghanistan has a long and complex history that dates back thousands of years. It has been inhabited since prehistoric times and has been influenced by various civilizations including the Persians, Greeks, Mauryans, Kushans, Arabs, Mongols, Timurids, Mughals, and British. The region has also been a major trade route between the East and the West.

Key events and periods in Afghanistan’s history include the Achaemenid Empire, the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Mauryan Empire, the Islamic conquest, the Mongol invasions, the Timurid Empire, the Mughal Empire, and British colonial rule. In more recent history, Afghanistan experienced a communist coup in 1978, followed by a Soviet invasion in 1979. The country then descended into a civil war and was later ruled by the Taliban from 1996 to 2001. The US-led invasion in 2001 toppled the Taliban regime and led to the establishment of a new government.

The Taliban and the War in Afghanistan

The Taliban is an extremist Islamist group that emerged in Afghanistan in the early 1990s. They gained control of most of the country in 1996 and imposed a strict interpretation of Islamic law. Under their rule, women were denied basic rights and education, cultural activities were banned, and public executions were common.

The US-led war in Afghanistan began in 2001 in response to the September 11 attacks. The goal was to remove the Taliban from power and dismantle Al-Qaeda, the terrorist group responsible for the attacks. The war has been ongoing for nearly two decades and has had a significant impact on Afghanistan. While progress has been made in terms of security and governance, the country still faces many challenges, including ongoing violence, corruption, and political instability.

The Afghan Government and Politics

Afghanistan is an Islamic republic with a presidential system of government. The President is both the head of state and the head of government. The National Assembly consists of two houses: the Wolesi Jirga (House of People) and the Meshrano Jirga (House of Elders). The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches.

Key political figures in Afghanistan include President Ashraf Ghani, Chief Executive Abdullah Abdullah, and former President Hamid Karzai. There are also various political parties and factions in the country, including the National Unity Government, the Taliban, and other opposition groups.

Afghan Culture and Society: Customs and Traditions

Afghanistan has a rich and diverse culture that is influenced by its history, geography, and religion. The majority of Afghans are Muslims, with Sunni Islam being the dominant sect. Islam plays a central role in Afghan society and influences many aspects of daily life.

Afghanistan is known for its hospitality and strong sense of community. Family is considered the most important social unit, and extended families often live together in the same household. Traditional gender roles are still prevalent, with men being the primary breadwinners and women taking care of the household and children.

Key customs and traditions in Afghanistan include the celebration of religious holidays such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, traditional music and dance, traditional clothing such as the Afghan national dress (the shalwar kameez), and traditional cuisine which includes dishes such as kabuli pulao (rice with meat) and mantu (dumplings).

The Afghan Economy: Challenges and Opportunities

Afghanistan has one of the least developed economies in the world, with a heavy reliance on agriculture. The country is rich in natural resources, including natural gas, oil, coal, copper, gold, and gemstones. However, due to ongoing conflict and political instability, these resources have not been fully exploited.

The Afghan economy faces numerous challenges including high levels of poverty, unemployment, corruption, lack of infrastructure, and limited access to markets. However, there are also opportunities for economic growth in sectors such as mining, agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and services. The government has implemented various reforms to attract foreign investment and promote economic development.

Education in Afghanistan: Progress and Challenges

Education in Afghanistan has made significant progress since the fall of the Taliban regime. Under the Taliban, education for girls was banned, and schools were destroyed. However, since 2001, millions of children, including girls, have enrolled in schools and universities.

Despite these achievements, Afghanistan still faces many challenges in the education sector. Access to education remains limited, especially in rural areas. The quality of education is also a concern, with a shortage of qualified teachers and inadequate infrastructure. The government and international organizations are working to address these challenges and improve the education system.

Human Rights in Afghanistan: Issues and Concerns

Afghanistan has made some progress in promoting human rights since the fall of the Taliban regime. However, the country still faces many challenges in this area. Women’s rights are a particular concern, with high levels of gender-based violence, limited access to education and healthcare, and restrictions on their participation in public life.

Other human rights issues in Afghanistan include freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and the rights of ethnic and religious minorities. The government and civil society organisations are working to address these issues and promote human rights in the country.

Afghanistan’s Relations with its Neighbours and the International Community

Afghanistan’s relations with its neighbours and the international community have been complex and influenced by various factors, including geopolitics, security concerns, economic interests, and historical ties. Afghanistan shares borders with Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China.

Afghanistan has historically had a difficult relationship with Pakistan due to border disputes and allegations of support for militant groups. Relations with Iran have also been strained at times due to political differences and concerns over drug trafficking. However, there have been efforts to improve relations with both countries in recent years.

Afghanistan has also been a recipient of international aid and support, particularly from the United States and its allies. The international community has played a key role in supporting Afghanistan’s reconstruction and development efforts, as well as in promoting peace and stability in the country.

What Makes Afghanistan Unique?

Afghanistan’s rugged terrain is as breathtaking as it is diverse. From the towering peaks of the Hindu Kush to the fertile valleys of central Afghanistan, the country is a geographical marvel. Rich in culture and history, Afghanistan has long been a crossroads of civilisations. It has witnessed the influence of empires, from Alexander the Great to the Mongols, leaving an indelible mark on its identity.

The capital city of Kabul, a bustling hub of history and modernity, stands as a testament to Afghanistan’s resilience. Its vibrant bazaars and historical landmarks are a window into the soul of a country that has endured decades of war.

A Glimpse Into Afghanistan’s History

Afghanistan’s story dates back to 330 BCE, with its inclusion in Alexander the Great’s empire. Modern Afghanistan began to take shape in 1747 under Ahmad Shah Durrani. The 20th century saw significant shifts, including the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan’s influence and the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union in 1979.

The decades-long conflict in Afghanistan transformed the nation into a battleground of ideologies. The United States invaded Afghanistan in 2001, following the Taliban handover of Osama bin Laden, marking the start of the Afghanistan war and combat operations in Afghanistan.

What Was the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan?

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, established after the fall of Taliban control in 2001, aimed to build a democratic framework. The constitution of Afghanistan, ratified in 2004, sought to provide a stable foundation for governance.

Under President Ashraf Ghani, the government faced challenges, including corruption and the growing influence of Taliban forces. Despite these hurdles, the period represented a significant effort to modernise Afghanistan and improve human rights.

The Rise and Return of the Taliban

The Taliban emerged in the 1990s, gaining prominence through promises of stability amidst chaos. Following the United States’ withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021, the Taliban offensive led to the fall of Kabul.

The Taliban declared the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, signalling a shift from the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. This period marked a return to Taliban rule, raising concerns about international security and the rights of Afghan citizens.

Afghanistan Under Taliban Rule

Under Taliban control, Afghanistan has experienced significant societal changes. The Taliban forces imposed restrictions on education, particularly for women and girls, curtailing opportunities for progress.

Throughout Afghanistan, freedoms of expression and movement have been severely limited. The return to strict interpretations of Sharia law has drawn widespread criticism from the international community.

Travel Advice for Afghanistan: Is It Safe?

Travel throughout Afghanistan is extremely dangerous due to ongoing conflicts and instability. Travellers are advised to avoid non-essential travel, particularly to northern Afghanistan and southern Afghanistan, where Taliban control remains strong.

If travel to Afghanistan is unavoidable, thorough preparation is essential. Keep updated with Afghanistan travel advice from credible sources and ensure your safety by staying close to secure zones like the Hamid Karzai International Airport in Kabul.

Human Rights in Afghanistan: Challenges and Advocacy

The situation in Afghanistan at the hands of the Taliban is dire. Amnesty International and the International Criminal Court have documented war crimes and crimes against humanity. Efforts by these organisations aim to hold violators accountable and advocate for human rights.

The plight of women and marginalised groups under Taliban rule highlights the urgent need for international support. Advocating for basic human rights in Afghanistan is a global responsibility.

International Efforts to Stabilise Afghanistan

The international community has played a crucial role in stabilising Afghanistan. Programs led by organisations like the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan focus on humanitarian aid and rebuilding efforts.

The High Council for National Reconciliation remains a key player in seeking peace. However, Afghanistan’s future depends on sustained international attention and support.

What Is the Current Situation in Afghanistan in 2024?

Afghanistan, a landlocked nation, has faced continuous turmoil since the Taliban’s takeover in August 2021. The humanitarian crisis deepened in 2022 and 2023, with much of the population relying on international aid. The situation in Afghanistan remains dire as internally displaced people struggle to find stability, while the government of Afghanistan, under Taliban rule, grapples with establishing order.

How Has the Taliban’s Takeover Affected Afghanistan’s Economy?

Since the Taliban’s takeover, Afghanistan’s GDP has plunged, reflecting the nation’s growing economic instability. Dependent on international aid and foreign relations, Afghanistan has struggled to import essential goods and support its agricultural sector, further exacerbated by the effects of climate change. Development aid has become a crucial lifeline, but the country’s economic future remains uncertain.

The Role of the World Bank in Afghanistan’s Development

The World Bank has played a pivotal role in supporting the people of Afghanistan through development aid and international development projects. In 2023 and 2024, the World Bank focused on initiatives aimed at improving basic infrastructure, supporting humanitarian efforts, and boosting Afghanistan’s economic resilience. However, the World Bank faces challenges due to the Taliban’s governance and international sanctions.

Human Rights in Afghanistan: Where Do Women and Girls Stand Today?

Human rights in Afghanistan, particularly concerning women’s and girls’ rights, have suffered significantly since the Taliban’s return to power. Afghan women and girls face severe restrictions under Islamic law and sharia law, with many being denied access to education and employment. The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (Unama) has reported multiple human rights violations, highlighting the detention of human rights activists and the suppression of protests.

Afghanistan’s Foreign Relations: A Fragile Web

Afghanistan’s foreign relations have been marked by tensions and shifting alliances. Relations with neighbouring Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan are critical for trade and security. Diplomatic missions and embassies, including those in Kabul, struggle to maintain communication, while the withdrawal of foreign troops has left a security vacuum. The international community remains cautious in engaging with the Taliban-led government.

How Is the International Community Responding to Afghanistan’s Crisis?

The international community continues to support the people of Afghanistan through international aid and development programs. The UN Security Council has discussed sanctions and the role of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights. International NGOs work throughout Afghanistan, striving to provide basic security and address the ongoing humanitarian crisis.

The Impact of Internally Displaced People on Afghan Society

Internally displaced people remain a pressing issue across Afghanistan. Due to conflict and natural disasters, thousands have fled the country or moved within Afghanistan, particularly outside of Kabul. Humanitarian missions aim to assist these populations, but limited resources and security concerns hinder their efforts.

Afghanistan’s Religious and Legal Framework: Sharia Law and Islamic Traditions

Under the Taliban’s rule, Afghanistan has embraced sharia law, affecting legal structures and daily life. While religious traditions hold significant influence, balancing these with the rights of women and human rights activists has sparked international criticism. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has given way to the Taliban’s interpretation of Islamic law, creating ongoing debates about justice and freedom.

Economic Challenges: Trade, Imports, and the Transmission of Resources

Afghanistan’s economy remains heavily reliant on imports and foreign aid. The country’s transmission and trade partnerships with nations like Tajikistan and Uzbekistan play a vital role in sustaining its fragile economy. Development indicators show slow progress, and without robust foreign relations, Afghanistan may struggle to achieve economic stability.

What Lies Ahead for Afghanistan in 2025?

As Afghanistan moves through 2024, the political landscape remains unpredictable. Continued support from the international community and efforts to support the people of Afghanistan will be critical. Hopes for human rights improvements, particularly for Afghan women and girls, persist, but challenges loom as the Taliban consolidates power.

Key Takeaways

• Humanitarian Crisis: Afghanistan continues to face a severe humanitarian crisis, with much of the population dependent on international aid.

• Taliban’s Rule: The Taliban’s takeover in August 2021 has deeply impacted the country’s economy, human rights, and foreign relations.

• Women and Girls: The rights of women and girls have significantly regressed under Islamic law and Sharia law.

• Economic Challenges: Afghanistan’s GDP remains low, with heavy reliance on imports and foreign aid.

• World Bank’s Role: The World Bank provides critical development aid to support the people of Afghanistan.

• Foreign Relations: Relations with Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan remain crucial for Afghanistan’s trade and security.

• International Community: Ongoing support from the international community is vital for Afghanistan’s recovery.

FAQs

What are the current travel advisories for Afghanistan?

As of now, the Afghanistan travel advice issued by various governments typically recommends against all travel to Afghanistan due to the ongoing instability and security concerns. The taliban has regained control over much of the country following the withdrawal of international forces in 2021, leading to significant changes in the security landscape. Travellers are advised to be aware of potential risks, including political unrest, acts of terrorism, and human rights violations.

What is the current political situation in Afghanistan?

Since the 2021 Taliban takeover, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan has been established, marking a significant shift from the previous Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The Taliban now governs with little to no international recognition, and the political environment remains tense. The lack of a functioning government and the presence of Taliban forces have led to an unpredictable atmosphere across the country, limiting the prospects for political stability.

How has the human rights situation changed in Afghanistan under Taliban rule?

The human rights situation in Afghanistan has deteriorated significantly under Taliban rule. Reports indicate widespread violations, particularly concerning women’s rights, freedom of expression, and the treatment of minority groups. The international community has expressed deep concern regarding these issues, as human rights in Afghanistan continue to be undermined by the Taliban regime.

What are the risks for women travelling to Afghanistan?

Afghanistan since the Taliban regained control. Under the current regime, women are subject to strict dress codes and are largely restricted from public life. Reports indicate that women in northern Afghanistan and southern Afghanistan experience varying degrees of oppression, and this poses significant challenges for any female travellers considering a visit to the country.

What should travellers know about the security situation in Afghanistan?

Afghanistan is characterised by the threat of violence from both Taliban forces and other militant groups. The Afghanistan war has left many areas unstable.