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TIMELINE
Aruba
Aruba Capital: Oranjestad Population (Estimated July 2012): 107,635 Area: 193km2 or 75mi2 Currency: Aruban Florin (AF.) Official Language: Dutch; Papiamentu Political Information: Autonomous State of the Netherlands with Parliamentary Democracy Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 80.8% of the population are Roman Catholic, 7.8% are Protestant, 1.5% are Jehovah’s Witnesses, 5.1% have other religious beliefs and 4.6% have no or unspecified religious beliefs) Highest Point: Ceru Jamanota at 188m or 617ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2009): $2.516 (US$) or £1.89 billion(GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $25,300 (US$) or £18,956 (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2009): $2.516 (US$) or £1.89 billion(GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $25,300 (US$) or £18,956 (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): -4:00 Leaders: King WILLEM-ALEXANDER of the Netherlands (since 30 April 2013); represented by Governor General Alfonso BOEKHOUDT (since 1 January 2017); Prime Minister Evelyn WEVER-CROES (since 17 November 2017) Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia...
Armenia
Armenia (Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun (Republic of Armenia)) Capital: Yerevan Population (Estimated July 2012): 2,970,495 Area: 29,743 km2 or 11,484 mi2 Currency: Armenian Dram (AMD) Official Language: Armenian Political Information: Parliamentary Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 94.7% of the population Armenian Apostolic, 4% have other Christian beliefs and 1.3% are Yezidi) Highest Mountain: Aragats Lerrnagagat at 4,090m or 13,419ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2017): $11.04 billion (US$) or £8.27 billion (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2016): $3,614 (US$) or £2,707 (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2017): $27.21 billion (US$) or £20.39 billion(GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2017): $9,100 (US$) or £6,818 (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): +4:00 Counties/Provinces/States: Provinces (marzer, singular – marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark’unik’, Kotayk’, Lorri, Shirak, Syunik’, Tavush, Vayots’ Dzor, Yerevan Leaders: President Armen SARKISSIAN (since 9 April 2018); Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 8 May 2018); First Deputy Prime Minister Ararat MIRZOYAN (since 11 May 2018) Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Armenia, a small landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia, is a hidden gem waiting to be discovered. With its rich history, vibrant culture, and breathtaking landscapes, Armenia offers a unique and unforgettable experience for...
Ozone Layer
Ozone Layer In the Stratosphere (between 10 and 50 kilometers high) is the layer containing most of the atmospheric ozone and this is mainly concentrated at about 25 kilometers up. Ozone is produced in the ozone layer mainly through ultraviolet light from solar radiation (hn) colliding with diatomic oxygen (oxygen made of two atoms). Diatomic oxygen in the stratosphere absorbs the majority of the harmful ultraviolet radiation (anything with a wavelength smaller than 240 nm) and in doing this the absorbed energy splits the molecule leaving two individual oxygen atoms. In the Stratosphere (between 10 and 50 kilometers high) is the layer containing most of the atmospheric ozone and this is mainly concentrated at about 25 kilometers up. Ozone is produced in the ozone layer mainly through ultraviolet light from solar radiation (hn) colliding with diatomic oxygen (oxygen made of two atoms). Diatomic oxygen in the stratosphere absorbs the majority of the harmful ultraviolet radiation (anything with a wavelength smaller than 240 nm) and in doing this the absorbed energy splits the molecule leaving two individual oxygen...
Ozone
Ozone Ozone is an allotrope (an allotrope is another form of an element for example graphite and diamond are allotropes of carbon) of oxygen with the chemical symbol O3. Normal oxygen which has only 2 atoms is colourless and tasteless while ozone which contains three atoms is blue and said to smell of sparks or gun powder. It is very reactive and at even small concentration it is toxic and an irritant. Ozone is far more reactive than 02 as the extra oxygen atoms readily attaches to other particles causing oxidization of that particle. Its oxidizing properties are utilized in deodorants and bleaches as the process neutralizes pollutants. For this purpose ozone is produced by passing electric currents through 02 gas or dry air replicating the process of lightning. In our upper atmosphere, the ozone layer protects the inhabitants of earth from harmful U.V. rays released by the sun. Ozone is also found much closer to the earth’s surface where its effects can cause respiratory problems for people especially those who suffer from asthma etc. In our upper atmosphere, the ozone layer protects the inhabitants of earth from harmful U.V. rays released by the sun. Ozone is also found much closer to the earth’s surface where its effects can cause respiratory problems for people especially those who suffer from asthma etc. Ozone that is found at ground level (tropospheric level from 0-10 kilometers up) is created through chemical reactions between volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen commonly produced by cars and some factories. Nitrogen dioxide and oxygen react together with UV light to produce Ozone but in...
Members of the Commonwealth of Nations
Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Currently there are 53 members of the Commonwealth of Nations since Gambia left in October 2013. The current members of the Commonwealth are as follows. Commonwealth Countries A-M (Below) Goto Commonwealth Countries N-Z Antigua and Barbuda (Joined the 1st of November 1981) Australia (Joined on the 11th December 1931 under the Statute of Westminster) The Bahamas (Joined in 1973) Bangladesh (Joined on the 18th of April 1972) Barbados (Joined on the 30th of November 1966) Belize (Joined on the 21st of September 1981) Botswana (Joined on the 30th of September 1966) Brunei Darussalam (Joined on the 1st of January 1984) Cameroon (Joined on the 1st of November 1995) Canada (Joined on the 11th December 1931 under the Statute of Westminster) Cyprus (Joined on the 31st of March 1961) Dominica (Joined on the 3rd of November 1978) Fiji* (Joined on the 10th of October 1970, then left on the 15th of October 1987 and rejoined on the 30th of September 1997. Now currently under suspension see below) Ghana (Joined on the 6th of March 1957) Grenada (Joined on the 7th of February 1974) Guyana (Joined on the 26th of May 1966) India (Joined on the 15th of October 1947) Jamaica (Joined on the 6th of August 1962) Kenya (Joined on the 12th of December 1963) Kiribati (Joined on the 12th of July 1979) Lesotho (Joined on the 4th of October 1966) Malawi (Joined on the 6th of July 1964) Malaysia (Joined on the 31st of August 1957) Maldives (Joined on the 9th of July 1982) Malta (Joined on the 21st of...
Jupiter’s Moons
Jupiter’s Moons On the 7th of January 1610 an Italian astronomer and physicist by the name of Galileo Galilei used a new instrument (originally a child’s toy) called a telescope to observe Jupiter. On this day he discovered small bodies around Jupiter which he initially believed to be stars. It wasn’t until later after observing them orbiting the planet that he determined they were some of its moons. By the 11th of January Galileo had discovered four large moons in total which are today known as the Galilean moons. n as the Galilean moons. When Galileo’s discovery was made public in a book called ‘Sidereus Nunciut’ it made Galileo famous as well as changing the view of the cosmos dramatically. Classical astronomy suggested that Earth was the centre of the universe and everything revolved around us. This idea was also endorsed by the church as this helped imply the divinity of Earth and god’s creation the life upon it (mainly humans). Copernicus had previously suggested that Earth actually evolved around the sun and the moon around Earth but many people did not except this ‘Theory’. Now Galileo too provided evidence to contradict the classical and religious idea of our importance in the universe. For this heresy Galileo was locked up for many and ordered to renounce what he had published in his book. Although Galileo had refused at first, the threat of being put to death by the church made him concede to their demands. But the truth cannot be silenced forever. Initially the Galileon moons were known collectively as ‘Medicean Stars” a name given to them by Galileo...
Atoms Test
Your Atoms Test may take a few moments to load. If you have to navigate away from this page for any reason, don’t worry, you will have the option to resume your test from the point you left upon your return. The test may have multiple choice, multiple answer or true/false questions and is timed but has no time limit. It should be considered an aid to study for exams or merely a test of your knowledge base giving you indication of areas you may need further study in. Once you have completed your test you will be able to review your results. This will give you some indication of the area you need further study or which areas you are proficient. We recommend you take the Atoms Test before reading the subject matter. If you score 80% or more than you have the option of skipping the section but if you score less than 80% we recommend you read the material associated. Then try the test again until you are able to gain a passing result of 80% correct. Error: Embedded data could not be displayed. Why Use the Atoms Test? As previously stated tests give the user indication of their strengths and weaknesses. This allows them to spend less time studying things they are proficient in and spend more time improving their knowledge where they may have gaps. Tests are also a great tool for revision because they require the user to recall information they may have previously learnt, be it recently or some time...
Standard Model of Particle Physics Test
Your Standard Model of Particle Physics Test may take a minute to load. If you have to navigate away from this page for any reason, don’t worry, you will have the option to resume your test from the point you left upon your return. The test may have multiple choice, multiple answer or true/false questions and is timed but has no time limit. It should be considered an aid to study for exams or merely a test of your knowledge base giving you indication of areas you may need further study in. Once you have completed your test you will be able to review your results. This will give you some indication of the area you need further study or which areas you are proficient. We recommend you take the Standard Model of Particle Physics Test before reading the subject matter. If you score 80% or more than you have the option of skipping the section but if you score less than 80% we recommend you read the material associated. Then try the test again until you are able to gain a passing result of 80% correct. Error: Embedded data could not be displayed. Why Use the Standard Model of Particle Physics Test? As previously stated tests give the user indication of their strengths and weaknesses. This allows them to spend less time studying things they are proficient in and spend more time improving their knowledge where they may have gaps. Tests are also a great tool for revision because they require the user to recall information...
Stars Test
Your Stars Test may take a minute to load. If you have to navigate away from this page for any reason, don’t worry, you will have the option to resume your test from the point you left upon your return. The test may have multiple choice, multiple answer or true/false questions and is timed but has no time limit. It should be considered an aid to study for exams or merely a test of your knowledge base giving you indication of areas you may need further study in. Once you have completed your test you will be able to review your results. This will give you some indication of the area you need further study or which areas you are proficient. We recommend you take the Stars Test before reading the subject matter. If you score 80% or more than you have the option of skipping the section but if you score less than 80% we recommend you read the material associated. Then try the test again until you are able to gain a passing result of 80% correct. Error: Embedded data could not be displayed. Why Use the Stars Test? As previously stated tests give the user indication of their strengths and weaknesses. This allows them to spend less time studying things they are proficient in and spend more time improving their knowledge where they may have gaps. Tests are also a great tool for revision because they require the user to recall information they may have previously learnt, be it recently or some time ago....
Big Bang Theory Test
Your Big Bang Theory Test may take a minute to load. If you have to navigate away from this page for any reason, don’t worry, you will have the option to resume your test from the point you left upon your return. The test may have multiple choice, multiple answer or true/false questions and is timed but has no time limit. It should be considered an aid to study for exams or merely a test of your knowledge base giving you indication of areas you may need further study in. Once you have completed your test you will be able to review your results. This will give you some indication of the area you need further study or which areas you are proficient. We recommend you take the Big Bang Theory Test before reading the subject matter. If you score 80% or more than you have the option of skipping the section but if you score less than 80% we recommend you read the material associated. Then try the test again until you are able to gain a passing result of 80% correct. Error: Embedded data could not be displayed. Why Use the Big Bang Theory Test? As previously stated tests give the user indication of their strengths and weaknesses. This allows them to spend less time studying things they are proficient in and spend more time improving their knowledge where they may have gaps. Tests are also a great tool for revision because they require the user to recall information they may have previously learnt, be it recently or some time ago. This recall of information improves its...
Local Galactic Group Test
Your Local Galactic Group Test may take a minute to load. If you have to navigate away from this page for any reason, don’t worry, you will have the option to resume your test from the point you left upon your return. The test may have multiple choice, multiple answer or true/false questions and is timed but has no time limit. It should be considered an aid to study for exams or merely a test of your knowledge base giving you indication of areas you may need further study in. Once you have completed your test you will be able to review your results. This will give you some indication of the area you need further study or which areas you are proficient. We recommend you take the Local Galactic Group Test before reading the subject matter. If you score 80% or more than you have the option of skipping the section but if you score less than 80% we recommend you read the material associated. Then try the test again until you are able to gain a passing result of 80% correct. Error: Embedded data could not be displayed. Why Use the Local Galactic Group Test? As previously stated tests give the user indication of their strengths and weaknesses. This allows them to spend less time studying things they are proficient in and spend more time improving their knowledge where they may have gaps. Tests are also a great tool for revision because they require the user to recall information they may have previously learnt, be it recently or some time ago. This recall of information improves its...
Milky Way Galaxy Test
Your Milky Way Galaxy Test may take a minute to load. If you have to navigate away from this page for any reason, don’t worry, you will have the option to resume your test from the point you left upon your return. The test may have multiple choice, multiple answer or true/false questions and is timed but has no time limit. It should be considered an aid to study for exams or merely a test of your knowledge base giving you indication of areas you may need further study in. Once you have completed your test you will be able to review your results. This will give you some indication of the area you need further study or which areas you are proficient. We recommend you take the Milky Way Galaxy Test before reading the subject matter. If you score 80% or more than you have the option of skipping the section but if you score less than 80% we recommend you read the material associated. Then try the test again until you are able to gain a passing result of 80% correct. Error: Embedded data could not be displayed. Why Use the Milky Way Galaxy Test? As previously stated tests give the user indication of their strengths and weaknesses. This allows them to spend less time studying things they are proficient in and spend more time improving their knowledge where they may have gaps. Tests are also a great tool for revision because they require the user to recall information they may have previously learnt, be it recently or some time ago. This recall of information improves its...
