Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina : Sarajevo

Population (Estimated July 2012): 4,622,292

Area: 51,209 km² or 19,772 mi²

Currency: Convertible Marka (KM)

Official Language: Bosnian, Croation and Serbian

Political Information: Federal Democratic Republic

Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 40% of the population are Muslim, 31% are Orthodox, 15% are Roman Catholic and 14% have other religious beliefs)

Highest Mountain: Mount Maglic  at 2,386m or 7,828ft

 

GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power)

(Estimated 2011): $18.3 billion (US$) or £10.98 billion (GBP)

GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP)

 

GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) 

 (Estimated 2011): $31.72 billion (US$) or £19.032 billion (GBP)

GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $8,200 (US$) or £4,920 (GBP)

 

Time Zone: + 1:00

 Counties/Provinces/States: 2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* – Brcko district (Brcko Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska; note – Brcko district is in northeastern Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the two entities; the District remains under international supervision.

 

Leaders: High Representative is Valentin Inzko and Vjekoslav Bevanda as Prime Minister.

 

Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to as simply Bosnia is a country located in Southeastern Europe on the Balkan Peninsula. It is bordered by Croatia to the north, west, and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast. The country has a rich and complex history, with influences from various empires and cultures throughout the centuries. Understanding Bosnia and Herzegovina is important not only for its historical significance but also for its current political, economic, and social situation.

Historical Overview of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The region that is now Bosnia and Herzegovina has a long and diverse history. It was inhabited by various tribes and civilizations dating back to prehistoric times. In the medieval period, Bosnia was an independent kingdom ruled by the Bosnian Banate. However, in the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire conquered the region and ruled it for nearly four centuries.

In the late 19th century, Bosnia and Herzegovina came under Austro-Hungarian rule after the Congress of Berlin. This period saw significant modernization and development in the region. However, tensions between different ethnic groups began to rise, leading to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, which triggered World War

 

After World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which later became Yugoslavia. The country experienced relative stability under communist rule during the Yugoslav era. However, with the collapse of communism in the early 1990s, ethnic tensions resurfaced, leading to a series of conflicts known as the Yugoslav Wars. Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence in 1992, leading to a devastating war that lasted until 1995.

Geography and Climate of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the western Balkans and is characterized by its diverse geography. The country is mountainous, with the Dinaric Alps running through the western and southern parts of the country. The highest peak, Maglić, reaches a height of 2,386 meters (7,828 feet). The country is also home to several rivers, including the Bosna, Drina, and Neretva.

The natural resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina include coal, iron ore, bauxite, and timber. These resources have played a significant role in the country’s economy throughout history. However, the exploitation of these resources has also led to environmental challenges, such as deforestation and pollution.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The climate varies depending on the region, with the coastal areas experiencing a Mediterranean climate and the mountainous regions having a more alpine climate. The country receives a significant amount of rainfall throughout the year, with higher precipitation in the mountainous areas.

Demographics and Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a diverse country with a population of approximately 3.5 million people. The three main ethnic groups are Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), Croats, and Serbs. Bosnian is the official language of the country, but Serbian and Croatian are also widely spoken.

Religious diversity is another important aspect of Bosnian culture. The majority of Bosniaks are Muslim, while Croats are predominantly Catholic and Serbs are mostly Orthodox Christians. This religious diversity has played a significant role in shaping the country’s history and identity.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich cultural heritage with influences from various civilizations throughout history. Traditional customs and celebrations are an important part of Bosnian culture. These include folk dances, music, and traditional clothing. Bosnian cuisine is also diverse and reflects the country’s Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Mediterranean influences.

Political System of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a complex political system that was established after the end of the Yugoslav Wars. The country is a federal republic with a decentralized government structure. It consists of two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is predominantly Bosniak and Croat, and the Republika Srpska, which is predominantly Serb.

The political system is based on power-sharing between the three main ethnic groups. The presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of three members, one Bosniak, one Croat, and one Serb, who rotate every eight months. The parliament is divided into two houses: the House of Representatives and the House of Peoples.

Political parties play a significant role in the country’s political landscape. There are several major parties representing different ethnic groups, as well as smaller parties advocating for various issues. Elections are held regularly at all levels of government, but the political system has been criticized for its inefficiency and corruption.

Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina is still recovering from the effects of the Yugoslav Wars. The country has made progress in recent years, but it still faces significant challenges in terms of economic development and stability.

The major industries in Bosnia and Herzegovina include mining, manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism. The country has significant reserves of coal, iron ore, and other minerals, which contribute to its mining industry. Manufacturing sectors such as automotive, metal processing, and textiles are also important contributors to the economy.

Foreign investment has played a crucial role in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s economic growth. The country has attracted investments from various sectors, including energy, infrastructure, and tourism. However, the economy is still heavily reliant on remittances from Bosnians living abroad.

Unemployment and poverty rates are significant challenges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The country has one of the highest unemployment rates in Europe, particularly among young people. Poverty and income inequality are also prevalent, with many people living below the poverty line.

Education and Healthcare in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Education is a fundamental right in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the country has made significant progress in improving its education system since the end of the Yugoslav Wars. The literacy rate is high, with nearly 99% of the population being literate.

The education system consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Primary education is compulsory and free for all children. However, there are still challenges in terms of access to quality education, particularly in rural areas.

Healthcare infrastructure in Bosnia and Herzegovina has also improved in recent years. The country has a universal healthcare system that provides free or low-cost healthcare to all citizens. However, there are still disparities in access to healthcare services, particularly in rural areas.

Challenges remain in both the education and healthcare sectors. Funding for education and healthcare is limited, leading to inadequate resources and facilities. There is also a brain drain of qualified professionals leaving the country for better opportunities abroad.

Tourist Attractions and Activities in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a rich cultural heritage and natural beauty, making it an attractive destination for tourists. The country is home to numerous historical landmarks and cultural sites that reflect its diverse history.

One of the most famous landmarks in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the historic city of Mostar, known for its iconic Stari Most (Old Bridge) which dates back to the Ottoman era. The city of Sarajevo is another popular destination, with its mix of Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Yugoslav architecture.

The country is also known for its natural wonders and outdoor activities. The Plitvice Lakes National Park, located on the border with Croatia, is a UNESCO World Heritage site and offers stunning landscapes and waterfalls. The Tara River Canyon, one of the deepest canyons in Europe, is a popular destination for rafting and hiking.

Sports and Recreation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Sports play an important role in Bosnian culture, and the country has produced several successful athletes in various sports. Football is the most popular sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the national team achieving success in international competitions.

Other popular sports include basketball, handball, volleyball, and tennis. The country has several sports facilities and stadiums that host national and international events. Recreational activities such as hiking, skiing, and fishing are also popular among locals and tourists.

Sports have not only provided entertainment but have also played a role in promoting unity and reconciliation among different ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sporting events have often been seen as opportunities for people to come together and celebrate their shared love for sports.

Challenges and Opportunities for Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Future

Bosnia and Herzegovina faces several challenges in terms of political stability, economic development, and social cohesion. The country’s political system is often criticized for its inefficiency and corruption, which hinder progress in various sectors.

Integration into the European Union (EU) is seen as an opportunity for Bosnia and Herzegovina to address these challenges. The EU accession process provides a framework for political and economic reforms that can help the country achieve stability and prosperity.

There are also opportunities for growth and development in various sectors of the economy. Tourism has the potential to become a major industry, attracting more visitors to explore the country’s cultural heritage and natural beauty. Investments in infrastructure, energy, and technology can also contribute to economic growth and job creation.

In conclusion, understanding Bosnia and Herzegovina is important for its historical significance and its current political, economic, and social situation. The country has a rich and complex history, with influences from various empires and cultures throughout the centuries. Bosnia and Herzegovina faces challenges in terms of political stability, economic development, and social cohesion. However, there are also opportunities for growth and development in various sectors. Supporting Bosnia and Herzegovina’s progress is crucial for its future stability and prosperity.