Explore the World Through Geography, Natural Resources & Daily History
Clear, reliable and engaging guides that help you understand our planet — from UK geography education to global natural resources and On This Day history events.
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What We Cover
Earth Site brings together engaging and accessible educational content designed to help you understand the world, its history, and its natural systems.
🌍 Geography Education (UK & Worldwide)
We publish clear, easy-to-understand geography resources for students, teachers and curious learners. Our guides support geography education in the UK and cover physical geography, climate, ecosystems, population, and global development.
⛏️ Natural Resources & Environmental Geography
Explore detailed country profiles covering natural resources, mining, energy, geology and global environmental challenges. We show how nations manage minerals, water, land and ecosystems, and why these resources matter.
📅 On This Day in History
Every day has a story. Our On This Day history series features major events, anniversaries, traditions, and cultural milestones from around the world — with timelines, context, and fun facts.
TIMELINE
History of Iraq
Mesopotamia, located in the region of modern-day Iraq, is often referred to as the cradle of civilization. It was here that some of the earliest human societies emerged, and it is considered one of the birthplaces of agriculture, writing, and complex urban societies. The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers allowed for the development of agriculture, which in turn led to the establishment of permanent settlements. The Sumerians, who lived in southern Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE, are credited with creating the world’s first writing system, known as cuneiform. This system of writing allowed for the recording of laws, literature, and administrative records, and it laid the foundation for the development of written language in other cultures. The city-states of Mesopotamia, such as Ur, Uruk, and Babylon, were centers of trade, culture, and innovation. The construction of monumental architecture, such as ziggurats and temples, reflected the power and wealth of these early societies. The Code of Hammurabi, a set of laws created by the Babylonian king Hammurabi around 1754 BCE, is one of the earliest examples of written legal codes and provides insight into the social structure and justice system of ancient Mesopotamia. The region’s strategic location also made it a target for conquest by various empires, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. Despite the rise and fall of these empires, the legacy of ancient Mesopotamia continues to influence modern society in areas such as law, architecture, and literature. Summary Mesopotamia is considered the cradle of civilization, where some of the earliest human societies and cities emerged. The Abbasid Caliphate was a powerful Islamic empire that rose to...
Natural Resources of Iraq: Where Natural Resources are Located in Iraq
Iraq is a country rich in natural resources, with a diverse range of assets that contribute to its economic development and potential for growth. The country’s natural resources include oil and gas reserves, agricultural resources, water resources, mineral resources, and renewable energy potential. These resources have the potential to drive economic growth and development in Iraq, but they also present challenges that need to be addressed in order to fully harness their potential. The management and sustainable use of Iraq’s natural resources are crucial for the country’s future development. With the right policies and investments, Iraq can leverage its natural resources to improve the livelihoods of its people and contribute to the global economy. However, it is important to balance the exploitation of these resources with environmental conservation and sustainable development practices to ensure their long-term viability. Summary Iraq is rich in natural resources, including oil and gas, agricultural land, water, minerals, and renewable energy potential. The country holds the world’s fifth-largest proven oil reserves and the 12th largest natural gas reserves, making it a key player in the global energy market. Iraq’s agricultural resources are diverse, with fertile land and a variety of crops, but the sector faces challenges such as water scarcity and outdated infrastructure. Water resources in Iraq are under pressure due to a combination of factors, including upstream dam construction and climate change, leading to potential water shortages. Iraq has significant mineral resources, including sulphur, phosphate, and gypsum, which present opportunities for economic development and diversification. The country also has great potential for renewable energy, particularly solar and wind power, which could help diversify its...
Cultural or Historical Sites of Iraq: Important Cultural Landmarks or Historical Sites In Iraq
The ancient city of Babylon, located in present-day Iraq, is one of the most famous cities in history. It was the capital of the ancient Babylonian empire and is known for its impressive architecture, including the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The city was also home to the famous Ishtar Gate, which was adorned with beautiful blue glazed tiles depicting dragons and bulls. The city was a center of trade and culture, and its influence extended throughout the ancient world. Babylon was a city of great wealth and power, and it was known for its advanced infrastructure, including a sophisticated system of canals and irrigation. The city was also home to the famous Tower of Babel, a massive ziggurat that was said to reach the heavens. The city’s wealth and power made it a target for conquest, and it was eventually conquered by the Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Despite its eventual decline, the city of Babylon remains an important historical and cultural site, and it continues to attract visitors from around the world who are eager to explore its rich history and impressive ruins. Summary The Ancient City of Babylon is an important archaeological site in Iraq, known for its historical significance and the Hanging Gardens. The Ziggurat of Ur is a well-preserved ancient structure in southern Iraq, believed to be a temple dedicated to the moon god Nanna. The National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad houses a vast collection of artefacts and treasures from ancient Mesopotamia, including the famous Warka Vase. The Al-Mustansiriya School is one of the oldest universities...
Population Density of Iraq
Population density refers to the number of people living in a specific area, usually measured in square kilometres or square miles. In the case of Iraq, the population density is a significant factor that influences various aspects of the country’s social, economic, and political landscape. With a population of over 40 million people, Iraq is one of the most densely populated countries in the Middle East. The population density in Iraq is not evenly distributed, with some regions experiencing high concentrations of people, while others are sparsely populated. Understanding the factors that affect population density, the impact it has on infrastructure, and the challenges and opportunities it presents is crucial for policymakers and urban planners in Iraq. Summary Iraq has a population density of 92 people per square kilometer, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the Middle East. Factors affecting population density in Iraq include natural resources, climate, and historical urbanization patterns. Urban areas in Iraq have a much higher population density compared to rural areas, leading to challenges in infrastructure and resource allocation. High population density in Iraq puts a strain on infrastructure, healthcare, and education, but also presents opportunities for economic growth and development. The government of Iraq has implemented policies and initiatives to manage population density, including urban planning and development projects. Factors Affecting Population Density in Iraq Several factors contribute to the population density in Iraq. One of the primary factors is the availability of resources such as water, arable land, and natural resources. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which flow through Iraq, have historically supported human settlement and agriculture, leading...
Iraq
Iraq (Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Irāqīyah (Republic of Iraq)) Capital: Baghdad Population (Estimated July 2012): 31,129,225 Area: 434,128 km2 or 167,618 mi2 Currency: Iraqi Dinar (ID) Official Language: Arabic and Kurdish Political Information: Federal Parliamentary Republic Official Religion: Islam(approximately 97% of the population are Muslim and 3% are Christian) Highest Mountain: Cheekah Dar 3,611m or 11,847ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a country’s economic power) (Estimated 2011): $108.6 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $127.2 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $3,900 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): +3:00 Wildlife: Counties/Provinces/States: 18 governorates (muhafazat, singular – muhafazah) and 1 region*; Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah (Ad Diwaniyah), An Najaf, Arbil (Erbil), As Sulaymaniyah, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala’, Kirkuk, Kurdistan Regional Government*, Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit Leaders: President Jalal Talabani with Prime Minister Nouri al- Maliki. Additional: Gained independence from British administration on the 3rd of October 1932. Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Iraq Iraq, located in the Middle East, has a rich and complex history that dates back to ancient Mesopotamia, often referred to as the cradle of civilization. Mesopotamia was home to some of the earliest known human civilizations, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and...
Political Boundaries of Iran: Provinces, Districts, or Historical Boundaries.
Iran, officially known as the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan to the east, and Turkey and Iraq to the west. To the south, Iran is bordered by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. The country has a rich history dating back thousands of years, and its political boundaries have evolved significantly over time. Iran is currently divided into 31 provinces, each with its own administrative divisions, including districts and sub-districts. These political boundaries play a crucial role in the governance and administration of the country, shaping its cultural, ethnic, and historical landscape. The political boundaries of Iran have been shaped by a complex interplay of historical, cultural, and geopolitical factors. The country’s diverse ethnic and cultural makeup has also influenced the evolution of its provinces and districts. This article will explore the evolution of Iran’s political boundaries, the influence of historical boundaries on modern Iran, the role of ethnic and cultural diversity in shaping these boundaries, as well as the challenges and controversies surrounding them. Additionally, we will examine the impact of political boundaries on Iran’s governance and administration, and consider future prospects for Iran’s political boundaries. Summary Iran’s political boundaries have evolved over time, influenced by historical, ethnic, and cultural factors. The provinces and districts in Iran have undergone changes, reflecting shifts in governance and administration. Historical boundaries continue to shape modern Iran, impacting its political landscape and governance. Ethnic and cultural diversity play a significant role in shaping Iran’s political boundaries and governance. Challenges and...
Climate Zones of Iran: Different climate regions Of Iran
Iran is a country of diverse landscapes and climates, with a wide range of climate zones that vary from arid and semi-arid to Mediterranean and subtropical, cold and mountainous, desert, and continental and steppe. This diversity is due to Iran‘s vast size and its location between the Caspian Sea to the north and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south. The country’s topography, which includes mountains, plateaus, and deserts, also contributes to the variety of climates found in Iran. Understanding the different climate zones in Iran is essential for appreciating the country’s natural beauty and for planning travel or outdoor activities. The climate zones in Iran are influenced by several factors, including latitude, altitude, and proximity to bodies of water. The country’s location near the Tropic of Cancer means that it experiences hot summers and mild winters in most regions. However, the presence of mountain ranges, such as the Alborz and Zagros Mountains, creates significant variations in temperature and precipitation across different parts of the country. Additionally, the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf have a moderating effect on the climate in their respective regions, leading to milder temperatures and higher levels of humidity. Overall, Iran’s climate zones offer a rich tapestry of natural environments, each with its own unique characteristics and attractions. Summary Iran has a diverse range of climate zones, including arid, semi-arid, Mediterranean, sub-tropical, cold and mountainous, desert, and continental and steppe. The arid and semi-arid climate zones cover a large portion of Iran, with very little rainfall and high temperatures, making agriculture and water resources a challenge. The Mediterranean and sub-tropical...
Natural Resources of Iran: Where Natural Resources are Located in Iran
Iran is a country rich in natural resources, with a diverse range of assets that contribute to its economic development and global significance. From oil and gas reserves to mineral deposits, agricultural land, water resources, and renewable energy potential, Iran‘s natural wealth is a key factor in its national prosperity. The country’s strategic location and geological features have made it a hub for natural resource extraction and production, attracting international attention and investment. Understanding the scope and potential of Iran’s natural resources is essential for appreciating the country’s economic significance and its role in global markets. Iran’s natural resources have played a crucial role in shaping its economy and geopolitical influence. The country’s vast reserves of oil and gas have made it a major player in the global energy market, while its mineral wealth has contributed to its industrial development and export potential. In addition, Iran’s agricultural resources and water reserves have sustained its population and supported its food security, while its renewable energy potential has positioned it as a key player in the transition towards sustainable energy sources. As Iran continues to develop and modernize its economy, its natural resources will remain a central pillar of its growth and prosperity. Summary Iran is rich in natural resources, including oil, gas, minerals, agriculture, water, and renewable energy sources. Iran holds the world’s fourth-largest proven oil reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves. The country is abundant in mineral resources such as copper, iron ore, zinc, and uranium. Iran’s agricultural resources include wheat, rice, fruits, and vegetables, supported by its diverse climate and fertile soil. Iran faces challenges in managing...
Cultural or Historical Sites of Iran: Important Cultural Landmarks or Historical Sites In Iran
Iran is a country steeped in history and culture, with a rich tapestry of ancient civilisations, stunning architecture, and breathtaking landscapes. The country is home to a myriad of cultural and historical sites that offer a glimpse into its illustrious past, from the ancient ruins of Persepolis to the grandeur of the Golestan Palace in Tehran. These sites are not only a testament to Iran‘s rich heritage but also a source of pride for its people, who have worked tirelessly to preserve and showcase these treasures to the world. Visitors to Iran are often left in awe of the country’s cultural and historical sites, which offer a unique insight into the country’s past. From the towering columns of Persepolis to the intricate tile work of Naqsh-e Jahan Square, each site tells a story of Iran’s ancient civilisations and their enduring legacy. As such, these sites are not only important for their historical significance but also for their cultural and artistic value, making them a must-see for anyone with an interest in history, architecture, or art. Summary Iran is home to a wealth of cultural and historical sites that showcase its rich heritage and ancient civilisations. Persepolis, the ancient capital of the Achaemenid Empire, is a remarkable archaeological site that offers a glimpse into the grandeur of the Persian Empire. Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a stunning example of Persian-Islamic architecture and urban planning. The ancient city of Yazd is a living museum of Persian architecture, with its well-preserved traditional buildings and windcatchers. Golestan Palace in Tehran is a symbol of the grandeur...
Terrain and Topography of Iran: mountains, valleys, and plains.
Iran is home to a diverse range of mountain ranges that span across the country, offering a variety of landscapes and natural beauty. The Alborz mountain range, located in the north of Iran, is one of the most prominent mountain ranges in the country. It stretches from the border with Azerbaijan and Armenia in the northwest to the end of the Khorasan province in the northeast. The Alborz range is home to Mount Damavand, the highest peak in Iran and the highest volcano in Asia. The Zagros mountain range, on the other hand, runs from the northwest to the southeast of Iran, covering a vast area and offering stunning views and diverse ecosystems. These mountain ranges are not only important for their natural beauty but also for their cultural and historical significance. They have been home to ancient civilizations and have played a crucial role in shaping the history and culture of Iran. The mountain ranges of Iran are not only a sight to behold but also play a crucial role in the country’s ecosystem. They act as natural barriers, influencing weather patterns and providing habitats for a wide variety of flora and fauna. The diverse climate and topography of these mountain ranges have led to the evolution of unique species of plants and animals, making them important areas for conservation and biodiversity. Additionally, these mountain ranges are a valuable source of natural resources such as minerals, water, and timber, which are essential for the country’s economy. The mountainous terrain also provides opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, rock climbing, and skiing, making them popular destinations for adventure...
History of Iran
Ancient Persia, also known as Iran, has a rich and storied history that dates back thousands of years. The birth of Iranian civilization can be traced back to the ancient Persian Empire, which was one of the most powerful and influential empires in the ancient world. The Persian Empire was known for its advanced and sophisticated culture, as well as its impressive military and administrative capabilities. The ancient Persians were also known for their contributions to art, literature, and science, and their influence can still be seen in modern Iranian culture. The ancient Persians were skilled in the art of warfare and were able to conquer vast territories, including parts of modern-day Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Egypt. They were also known for their impressive architectural achievements, such as the construction of the famous city of Persepolis. The ancient Persians were also known for their religious beliefs, which included the worship of a variety of gods and goddesses. Their religious practices and beliefs played a significant role in shaping their culture and society. Overall, the ancient Persian Empire was a powerful and influential force in the ancient world, and its legacy continues to be felt in modern-day Iran. Summary Ancient Persia laid the foundation for Iranian civilization, with a rich history dating back thousands of years. The Achaemenid Empire marked the golden age of Persia, with significant advancements in art, architecture, and governance. The Islamic conquest and the rise of the Safavid Dynasty shaped Iran’s religious and cultural identity. The Qajar Dynasty saw the influence of European powers, leading to modernization and reforms in Iran. The Pahlavi Era brought about...
Population Density of Iran
Iran, a country located in the Middle East, has a population of over 83 million people, making it the 18th most populous country in the world. With a land area of 1,648,195 square kilometers, Iran has a population density of around 50 people per square kilometer. However, this figure does not accurately represent the distribution of the population across the country, as there are significant variations in population density between different regions. The population density in Iran is influenced by a variety of factors, including geographical features, economic opportunities, and government policies. Understanding the population density in Iran is crucial for policymakers and urban planners to address the challenges and opportunities associated with high population density. Summary Iran has a population density of around 52 people per square kilometre, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the Middle East. Factors affecting population density in Iran include geographical features, climate, economic opportunities, and government policies. Iran’s population is predominantly urban, with over 70% of people living in cities, leading to challenges in infrastructure and resource management. High population density in Iran puts pressure on infrastructure, water resources, and healthcare, but also presents opportunities for economic growth and innovation. Iran’s population density is higher than the global average, but lower than some other countries in the region, such as Bangladesh and Japan. Future trends suggest continued urbanisation and potential strain on resources. Factors Affecting Population Density in Iran Several factors contribute to the population density in Iran. Geographical features such as mountains, deserts, and fertile plains play a significant role in determining where people settle. The majority of...