Explore the World Through Geography, Natural Resources & Daily History
Clear, reliable and engaging guides that help you understand our planet — from UK geography education to global natural resources and On This Day history events.
Explore, discover, and learn about the wonders of our world! At Earth Site, we’re passionate about bringing geography, history, and science to life for curious minds of all ages. Whether you’re delving into historical events, uncovering the mysteries of the natural world, or seeking interactive resources, you’re in the right place.
Here, you can uncover the stories behind historical events, explore the natural wonders of our planet, and gain valuable insights into how the Earth’s systems shape our daily lives. From the towering peaks of mountain ranges to the far-reaching impacts of human innovation, we aim to make every topic both engaging and informative.
Start your journey of discovery with us today, and let’s make learning an adventure!
What We Cover
Earth Site brings together engaging and accessible educational content designed to help you understand the world, its history, and its natural systems.
🌍 Geography Education (UK & Worldwide)
We publish clear, easy-to-understand geography resources for students, teachers and curious learners. Our guides support geography education in the UK and cover physical geography, climate, ecosystems, population, and global development.
⛏️ Natural Resources & Environmental Geography
Explore detailed country profiles covering natural resources, mining, energy, geology and global environmental challenges. We show how nations manage minerals, water, land and ecosystems, and why these resources matter.
📅 On This Day in History
Every day has a story. Our On This Day history series features major events, anniversaries, traditions, and cultural milestones from around the world — with timelines, context, and fun facts.
TIMELINE
Clipperton Island
Clipperton Island (Île de Clipperton or Île de la Passion (French), Isla de la Pasión (Spanish)) Population: Uninhabited Area: 5km2 or 2mi2 Political Information: French Overseas Possession Highest Point: Rocher Clipperton at 29 meters or 95 ft Discovery: Named After John Clipperton, the English mutineer and pirate, who used the Island in 1705. Time Zone (GMT/UTC): -8:00 Leaders: Brice Hortefeux Administers the Island as the current Minister of Overseas France (Ministre de l’Outre-Mer). Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia...
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (Département d’Outre-Mer de la Guadeloupe (Overseas Department of Guadeloupe)) Capital of Guadeloupe: Basse-Terre Population (Estimated July 2012): 454,000 Area: 1,630 km2 or 629 mi2 Currency: Euro (€) Official Language: French Political Information: Overseas Region of France Official Religion: No Official Religion Time Zone (GMT/UTC): Leaders: President François Hollande with President of the General Council Jacques Gillot and President of the Regional Council Victorin Lurel. Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Guadeloupe Guadeloupe is a stunning archipelago located in the Caribbean, known for its beautiful beaches, lush rainforests, and vibrant culture. It is an overseas region of France and is composed of several islands, with the two main ones being Basse-Terre and Grande-Terre. The islands are surrounded by crystal-clear waters and offer a perfect blend of French and Caribbean influences. Guadeloupe is a popular destination for tourists seeking a tropical paradise with a touch of European charm. The islands of Guadeloupe are rich in history and culture, with a diverse population that includes people of African, European, and East Indian descent. The official language is French, but Creole is widely spoken and is an integral part of the local culture. The music, dance, and cuisine of Guadeloupe are a reflection of this cultural diversity, making it a fascinating destination for those interested in experiencing the unique blend of Caribbean and European influences. With its stunning natural beauty and rich cultural heritage, Guadeloupe offers a truly unforgettable experience for visitors. History and Culture of Guadeloupe The history of Guadeloupe is a complex tapestry of colonialism, slavery, and resistance. The islands were originally inhabited by the Arawak and Carib people before...
China
China (Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo (People’s Republic of China)) Capital of China: Beijing (Peking) Population (Estimated July 2012): 1,343,239,923 Area: 9,572,900 km2 or 3,696,100 mi2 Currency: Renminbi (yuan) (Y) Official Language: Mandarin Chinese Political Information: Communist State Official Religion: No Official Religion Highest Mountain: Qowowuyag at 8,188m or 26,864 feet (Everest is partially in China but the peak is in Nepal) GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $6.989 trillion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $11.29 trillion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $8,400 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): +8:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural) provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan) autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Ningxia, Xinjiang Uygur, Xizang (Tibet) municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin note: China considers Taiwan its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau Leaders: Premier LI Keqiang (since 16 March 2013); Executive...
Chile
Chile (República de Chile (Republic of Chile)) Capital of Chile: Santiago Population (Estimated July 2012): 17,067,369 Area: 756,096 km2 or 291,930 mi2 Currency: Peso (Ch$) Official Language: Spanish Political Information: Unitary Presidential Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 70% of the population are Roman Catholic, 15.1% are Evangelical, 1.1% are Jehovas Witnesses, 5.6% have other religious beliefs and 8.3% have no religious beliefs) Highest Mountain: Nevado Ojos del Salado at 6,880m or 22,572ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $243 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $281 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $16,100 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): Between -4:00 and -6:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 15 regions (regiones, singular – region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Arica y Parinacota, Atacama, Biobio, Coquimbo, Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins, Los Lagos, Los Rios, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena, Maule, Region Metropolitana (Santiago), Tarapaca, Valparaiso Leaders: President Sebastian PINERA Echenique (since 11 March 2018); note – the president is both chief of state and head of government. Additional: Declared Independence from Spain the 12th of February 1818 but not recognised until the...
Chad
Chad (Jumhūriyyah Tshad (Arabic); République du Tchad (French) (Republic of Chad)) Capital of Chad: N’Djamena Population (Estimated Jull 2012): 10,975,648 Area: 495,755 km2 or 495,755 mi2 Currency: CFA franc (CFAF) Official Language: Arabic; French Political Information: Presidential Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 53.1% of the population are Muslim, 20.1% are Catholic, 14.2% are Protestant, 7.3% are Animist, 2.2% have other religious beliefs and 3.1% have no religious beliefs) Highest Mountain: Emi Koussi at 3,415m or 11,204ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $9.6 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $19.69 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $1,900 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): +1:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 22 regions (regions, singular – region); Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Ville de N’Djamena, Wadi Fira Leaders: President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990). Note: prime minister position eliminated under the 2018 constitution with Prime Minister Emmanuel Nadingar. Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chad Chad is a landlocked country located in Central...
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic (República Dominicana) Capital: Santo Domingo Population (Estimated July 2012): 10,088,598 Area: 48,671 km2 or 18,792 mi2 Currency: Dominican Peso (RD$) Official Language: Spanish Political Information: Unitary Democratic Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 95% of the population are Roman Catholic and 5% have other religious beliefs) Highest Mountain: Pico Duarte 3,175m or 10,417ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $54.4 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $93.23 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) $9,300 Time Zone (GMT/UTC): -4:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 31 provinces (provincias, singular – provincia) and 1 district* (distrito); Azua, Bahoruco, Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, El Seibo, Elias Pina, Espaillat, Hato Mayor, Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata, Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, San Cristobal, San Jose de Ocoa, San Juan, San Pedro de Macoris, Sanchez Ramirez, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez, Santo Domingo, Valverde Leaders: President Danilo MEDINA Sanchez (since 16 August 2012); Vice President Margarita CEDENO DE FERNANDEZ (since 16 August 2012); note – the president is both chief of state and head of government. Additional: The Dominican Republic has been...
Dominica
Dominica (Commonwealth of Dominica) Capital: Roseau Population (Estimated July 2012): 73,126 Area: 751 km2 or 290 mi2 Currency: Eastern Caribbean dollar (EC$) Official Language: English Political Information: Parliamentary Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 61.4% of the population are Roman Catholic, 20.6% are Protestant, 1.2% Jehovah’s witnesses, 7.7% are other Christian, 1.3% are Rastafarian, 1.6% have other religious beliefs and 6.1% have no religious beliefs) Highest Mountain: Morne Diablotins at 1,447m or 4,747ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $500 million (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $1.02 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $13,600 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): -4:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter Leaders: President Charles A. SAVARIN (since 2 October 2013) with Prime Minister Roosevelt SKERRIT (since 8 January 2004). Additional: Gained Independence from the UK on the 3rd of November 1978. Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Dominica Dominica, also known as the Commonwealth of Dominica, is a small island nation located in the Caribbean Sea. It is part of...
Estonia
Estonia (Eesti Vabariik (Republic of Estonia)) Capital of Estonia: Tallinn Population (Estimated July 2012): 1,274,709 Area: 45,227 km2 or 17,462 mi2 Currency: Euro (€) Official Language: Estonian Political Information: Parliamentary Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 13.6% of the population are Evangelical Lutheran, 12.8% Orthodox, 34.1% are unaffiliated, 33.4% have other religious beliefs and 6.1% have no religious beliefs) Highest Mountain: Suur Munamagi at 318m or 1,043ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $22.5 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $27.02 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $20,200 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): +2:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 15 counties (maakonnad, singular – maakond); Harjumaa (Tallinn), Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare), Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa (Voru) note: counties have the administrative center name following in parentheses Leaders: President Toomas Hendrik Ilves with Andrus Ansip as Prime Minister. Additional: Independence from Russia was officially recognised on the 2nd of February 1920 however due to World War II Soviet forces re-occupied Estonia between 1940 and 1941, then by the...
Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika (Republic of Lithuania)) Capital: Vilnius Population (Estimated July 2012): 3,525,761 Area: 65,300 km2 or 25,212 mi2 Currency: Litas (LTL) Official Language: Lithuanian Political Information: Parliamentary Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 79% of the population are Roman Catholic, 4.1% are Russian Orthadox, 1.9% are Protestant, 5.5 % have other religious beliefs and 9.5% have no religious beliefs) Highest Point: Aukštojas Hill at 294m or 964ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $43.2 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $61.3 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $18,700 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): +2:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 10 counties (apskritys, singular – apskritis); Alytaus, Kauno, Klaipedos, Marijampoles, Panevezio, Siauliu, Taurages, Telsiu, Utenos, Vilniaus Leaders: President Dalia GRYBAUSKAITE (since 12 July 2009) with Prime Minister Saulius SKVERNELIS (since 13 December 2016). Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia...
Latvia
Latvia (Latvijas Republika (Republic of Latvia)) Capital of Latvia: Riga Population (Estimated July 2012): 2,191,580 Area: 64,589 km2 or 24,926 mi2 Currency: Lats (Ls; Plural Lati) Official Language: Latvian Political Information: Parliamentary Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 19.6% of the population are Lutheran, 15.3% are Orthodox, 1% have other Christian beliefs, 0.4% have other religious beliefs and 63.7% have unspecified religious beliefs) Highest Mountain: Gaiziņkalns at 312m or 1,024 ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $27.4 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $34.58 billion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $15,400 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): +2:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 110 municipalities (novadi, singular-novads) and 9 cities municipalities: Adazu Novads, Aglonas Novads, Aizkraukles Novads, Aizputes Novads, Aknistes Novads, Alojas Novads, Alsungas Novads, Aluksnes Novads, Amatas Novads, Apes Novads, Auces Novads, Babites Novads, Baldones Novads, Baltinavas Novads, Balvu Novads, Bauskas Novads, Beverinas Novads, Brocenu Novads, Burtnieku Novads, Carnikavas Novads, Cesu Novads, Cesvaines Novads, Ciblas Novads, Dagdas Novads, Daugavpils Novads, Dobeles Novads, Dundagas Novads, Durbes Novads, Engures Novads, Erglu Novads, Garkalnes Novads, Grobinas Novads, Gulbenes Novads, Iecavas Novads, Ikskiles Novads, Ilukstes Novads, Incukalna Novads, Jaunjelgavas Novads, Juanpiebalgas...
Italy
Italy (Repubblica Italiana (Italian Republic)) Capital of Italy: Rome Population (Estimated July 2012): 61,261,254 Area: 301,336 km2 or 116,346 mi2 Currency: Euro (€) Official Language: Italian Political Information: Parliamentary Constitutional Republic Official Religion: No Official Religion (approximately 80% of the population are Christian and 20% are Agnostic or Athiest) Highest Mountain: Monte Bianco (Monte Blanc in French) at 4,810 m or 15,781 ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2011): $2.246 trillion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and use of resources but not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) (Estimated 2011): $1.822 trillion (US$) or (GBP) GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $30,100 (US$) or (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): +1:00 Counties/Provinces/States: 15 regions (regioni, singular – regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular – regione autonoma) regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto (Venetia) Autonomous regions: Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Sardegna (Sardinia); Sicilia (Sicily); Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German); Valle d’Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d’Aoste (French) Leaders: President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015) with Prime Minister Giuseppe CONTE (since 1 June 2018); the prime minister’s official title is President of the Council of Ministers Sources: CIA...
Scotland
Scotland (Latin: Scotia (land of the Scots)) Capital of Scotland: Edinburgh Population (Estimated 2010): 5,220,000 Area: 127,528km²or 49,239mi2 Currency: Pound Sterling (£) Official Language: English Political Information: Constitutional Monarchy and Parliamentary Democracy Official Religion:No Official Religion Highest Mountain: Ben Nevis at 1,343m or 4,406ft GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a countries economic power) (Estimated 2010): (US$) or 105,548 Million (GBP) Time Zone (GMT/UTC): GMT Counties/Provinces/States: 33 Counties; Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll, Banffshire, Berwickshire,Caithness, Clackmannanshire, County of Bute, County of Moray, Dumfriesshire, Dunbartonshire, East Lothian, Fife, Inverness-shire, Kincardineshire, Kinross-shire, Kirkcudbrightshire, Lanarkshire, Midlothian, Nairnshire, Orkney, Peeblesshire, Perthshire, Renfrewshire, Ross and Cromarty, Roxburghshire, Selkirkshire, Stirlingshire, Sutherland, West Lothian, Wigtownshire and Zetland (Shetland) Leaders: H.M. Queen Elizabeth II, with First Minister Nicola Sturgeon. Additional: Scotland has 790 islands of which only 130 are inhabited. Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica. Scotland Scotland, a nation steeped in rich history and vibrant culture, occupies the northern part of the United Kingdom. Renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, from rugged highlands to serene lochs, Scotland offers a unique blend of natural beauty and historical significance. The country is often celebrated for its distinct identity, which is shaped by its Celtic roots, a legacy of ancient clans, and a profound connection to the arts. With a population of approximately 5.4 million, Scotland is not only a land of stunning vistas but also a hub of innovation and tradition, where the past and present coexist harmoniously. Visitors to Scotland are often captivated by its diverse offerings, ranging from bustling cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow to the tranquil beauty of the Highlands. The capital city,...