Capital: Lima

Population (Estimated July 2012): 29,549,517

Area: 1,285,216km² or 496,225mi²

Currency: Nuevo sol (S/.)

Official Language: Spanish, Quechua (locally) and Aymara (locally)

Political Information: Presidential Republic

Official Religion: No Official Religion
(approximately 81.3% of the population are Roman Catholic, 12.5% are Evangelical, 3.3% have other religious beliefs and 2.9% have no or unspecified religious beliefs)

Highest Mountain: Nevado Huascaran at 6,768m or 22,205ft

GDP Official Exchange Rate (OER is more precise at gauging a country’s economic power)

(Estimated 2011): $176.7 billion (US$) or (GBP)

GDP (OER) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): (US$) or (GBP) 

GDP Purchasing Power Parity (PPP is good for gauging living conditions and the use of resources but is not as accurate as OER. This data has been calculated based on the sum value of all goods and services produced in the country valued at prices prevailing in the United States) 

 (Estimated 2011): $301.5 billion (US$) or (GBP)

GDP (PPP) Per Capita (per member of the population estimated 2011): $10,000 (US$) or (GBP)

Time Zone (GMT/UTC): -5:00

Wildlife:

Counties/Provinces/States: 25 regions (regiones, singular – region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali 

Leaders: President Ollanta Humala Tasso and First Vice President Marisol Espinoza Cruz 

Additional: Gained independence from Spain on the 28^th of July 1821.

Sources: CIA World Fact Book, Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Peru

Peru is a country situated in the western part of South America, bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The geography of Peru is remarkably diverse, comprising three main regions: the coast, the Andes mountains, and the Amazon rainforest. The coastal region is characterised by its arid climate and desert landscapes, whilst the Andes mountains traverse the centre of the country, reaching altitudes of over 6,000 metres.

The Amazon rainforest covers more than half of Peru’s territory and is home to a vast array of flora and fauna. The climate in Peru varies considerably depending on the region. The coastal region experiences a mild climate with minimal rainfall, whilst the Andes mountains have a cooler climate with rainy and dry seasons.

The Amazon rainforest has a hot and humid climate with heavy rainfall throughout the year. Owing to its diverse geography and climate, Peru is home to a wide range of ecosystems and habitats, making it one of the most biodiverse countries in the world. Peru’s geography and climate have played a significant role in shaping the country’s culture, history, and cuisine.

The different regions have their own distinct traditions and customs, making Peru a fascinating and diverse country to explore.

Summary

• Peru is a diverse country with three main geographical regions: the coast, the Andes mountains, and the Amazon rainforest, each with its own unique climate and landscape.
• The history of Peru dates back to ancient civilizations such as the Inca Empire, and the country is rich in cultural traditions and festivals that are celebrated to this day.
• Peruvian cuisine is known for its fusion of indigenous ingredients and Spanish, African, and Asian influences, with traditional dishes such as ceviche, lomo saltado, and causa rellena.
• Machu Picchu, the Nazca Lines, and the Amazon River are just a few of the famous landmarks and attractions that draw tourists to Peru from around the world.
• Peru is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, with a wide variety of wildlife including the Andean condor, jaguars, and the iconic llamas and alpacas.
• Indigenous communities in Peru maintain their traditional customs and crafts, offering visitors a glimpse into their way of life through cultural experiences and homestays.
• Tourism in Peru offers a range of adventure activities such as trekking the Inca Trail, surfing along the coast, and exploring the Amazon rainforest, making it a popular destination for outdoor enthusiasts.

History and Culture of Peru

Peru has a rich and complex history that dates back thousands of years. The country was home to several ancient civilizations, including the Inca Empire, which was one of the largest and most advanced pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas. The Inca Empire reached its peak in the 15th century, covering a vast territory that stretched from present-day Colombia to Chile.

The Inca people were known for their advanced agricultural techniques, impressive architecture, and intricate road systems. In 1532, the Inca Empire was conquered by the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro, leading to the colonization of Peru by Spain. This marked the beginning of a new era in Peruvian history, as Spanish influence and culture began to shape the country.

The Spanish introduced new crops, animals, and architectural styles, leaving a lasting impact on Peruvian culture. Today, Peru is a melting pot of indigenous, Spanish, African, and Asian influences, creating a vibrant and diverse cultural landscape. The country is known for its rich traditions, colourful festivals, and vibrant music and dance.

Peruvian culture is also reflected in its art, literature, and cuisine, making it a fascinating destination for those interested in history and culture.

Cuisine and Traditional Dishes of Peru

Peruvian cuisine is renowned for its diverse flavours and unique ingredients, influenced by a blend of indigenous, Spanish, African, and Asian culinary traditions. The country’s varied geography and climate have given rise to a wide range of ingredients, including quinoa, potatoes, corn, seafood, and tropical fruits. One of the most famous dishes in Peru is ceviche, a refreshing seafood dish made with raw fish marinated in lime juice and mixed with onions, chilli peppers, and cilantro.

Another popular Peruvian dish is lomo saltado, a stir-fry dish made with beef, onions, tomatoes, and peppers, served with rice and fried potatoes. Aji de gallina is a creamy chicken stew made with aji amarillo peppers, cheese, and nuts, served with rice and boiled potatoes. Peruvian cuisine also features unique delicacies such as cuy (guinea pig), alpaca meat, and rocoto relleno (stuffed spicy peppers).

In addition to its delicious dishes, Peru is also famous for its beverages, including pisco sour, a cocktail made with pisco (grape brandy), lime juice, syrup, egg white, and bitters. Chicha morada is a refreshing non-alcoholic drink made from purple corn, pineapple, cinnamon, and cloves. Peruvian cuisine reflects the country’s diverse cultural heritage and is an essential part of the Peruvian identity.

Famous Landmarks and Attractions in Peru

Peru is home to numerous famous landmarks and attractions that showcase its rich history and natural beauty. One of the most iconic landmarks in Peru is Machu Picchu, an ancient Inca citadel located high in the Andes mountains. This UNESCO World Heritage site is one of the most visited tourist destinations in South America, offering breathtaking views of the surrounding mountains and valleys.

The city of Cusco is another popular destination in Peru, known for its well-preserved Inca ruins and Spanish colonial architecture. The Plaza de Armas is the main square in Cusco and is surrounded by historic buildings, churches, and restaurants. The Sacred Valley is a picturesque region near Cusco that is home to several Inca ruins and traditional Andean villages.

The Nazca Lines are another famous attraction in Peru, consisting of ancient geoglyphs etched into the desert floor that can only be fully appreciated from above. The city of Arequipa is known for its stunning colonial architecture built from white volcanic stone, earning it the nickname “The White City.” The Colca Canyon near Arequipa is one of the deepest canyons in the world and offers spectacular views of the Andean landscape. Peru’s natural attractions are equally impressive, including Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world, and the Amazon rainforest, which is home to an incredible diversity of wildlife.

Whether exploring ancient ruins or admiring natural wonders, Peru offers a wealth of attractions for visitors to discover.

Wildlife and Biodiversity of Peru

Peru is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, home to a wide variety of ecosystems and habitats that support an incredible array of plant and animal species. The Amazon rainforest covers over half of Peru’s territory and is one of the most biologically diverse regions on Earth. It is home to thousands of species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and plants.

The Andes mountains also support a unique range of wildlife adapted to high-altitude environments. The Andean condor is one of the most iconic bird species in Peru and can be found soaring over mountain peaks. Other notable species include spectacled bears, vicuñas (a type of camelid), Andean foxes, and pumas.

Peru’s coastal region is home to marine wildlife such as sea lions, dolphins, whales, and seabirds. The Humboldt Current that runs along the coast brings nutrient-rich waters that support a diverse marine ecosystem. In addition to its terrestrial and marine wildlife, Peru is also known for its rich birdlife.

The country boasts over 1,800 bird species, including colourful macaws, toucans, hummingbirds, and Andean cock-of-the-rocks. Conservation efforts are underway to protect Peru’s biodiversity and natural habitats from threats such as deforestation, habitat loss, poaching, and climate change. Visitors to Peru have the opportunity to experience its incredible wildlife through eco-tourism activities such as birdwatching tours, jungle treks, and wildlife cruises.

Indigenous Communities and Traditions in Peru

Peru is home to numerous indigenous communities that have preserved their traditional customs and way of life for centuries. These communities are found throughout the country’s diverse regions and play an essential role in preserving Peru’s cultural heritage. In the Andean highlands, indigenous Quechua and Aymara communities maintain their ancestral traditions through music, dance, textiles, agriculture, and religious ceremonies.

Traditional festivals such as Inti Raymi (the Inca festival of the sun) and Qoyllur Rit’i (the pilgrimage to the snow-capped Ausangate mountain) are celebrated by indigenous communities as a way of honouring their cultural heritage. In the Amazon rainforest, indigenous tribes such as the Shipibo-Conibo, Ashaninka, Matsés, and Yagua continue to live traditional lifestyles based on hunting, fishing, agriculture, and shamanic practices. These communities have deep knowledge of medicinal plants and traditional healing practices that have been passed down through generations.

Despite facing challenges such as land rights disputes, environmental degradation, and cultural assimilation, indigenous communities in Peru are working to preserve their cultural identity and promote sustainable development through community-based tourism initiatives. Travellers interested in learning about indigenous cultures can visit community-run eco-lodges in the Amazon rainforest or participate in homestay experiences in Andean villages. These immersive experiences provide an opportunity to engage with indigenous communities directly while supporting their efforts to preserve their traditions.

Tourism and Adventure Activities in Peru

Peru offers a wide range of tourism opportunities for adventure seekers looking to explore its diverse landscapes and cultural heritage. One of the most popular activities for visitors is trekking to Machu Picchu along the Inca Trail or one of its alternative routes such as the Salkantay Trek or Lares Trek. These multi-day hikes offer stunning views of mountains, cloud forests, Inca ruins, and traditional Andean villages.

For adrenaline junkies, white-water rafting on rivers such as the Apurimac or Urubamba provides an exhilarating experience through scenic canyons and rapids. Mountain biking enthusiasts can ride through the Sacred Valley or explore remote trails in the Andes mountains. The coastal region offers opportunities for surfing along its long stretches of coastline with waves suitable for all levels of experience.

Paragliding over the coastal desert near Lima provides breathtaking views of the Pacific Ocean and city skyline. Wildlife enthusiasts can embark on jungle expeditions in the Amazon rainforest to spot diverse species of birds, monkeys, reptiles, amphibians, and insects. Boat cruises along tributaries such as the Tambopata River or Manu River offer opportunities for wildlife viewing while staying at eco-friendly lodges deep in the rainforest.

Cultural experiences abound in Peru’s cities and towns where visitors can explore museums showcasing ancient artefacts from pre-Columbian civilizations or attend traditional festivals featuring music, dance performances, colourful costumes, and local cuisine. With its rich history, diverse landscapes, vibrant culture, delicious cuisine, and abundant wildlife, Peru offers an unforgettable travel experience for those seeking adventure and exploration. Whether trekking through ancient ruins or immersing oneself in indigenous traditions, Peru has something to offer every type of traveller.

FAQs

What is the capital of Peru?

The capital of Peru is Lima.

What is the official language of Peru?

The official language of Peru is Spanish.

What is the currency of Peru?

The currency of Peru is the Peruvian Sol.

What are some popular tourist attractions in Peru?

Some popular tourist attractions in Peru include Machu Picchu, the Nazca Lines, the Amazon Rainforest, and Lake Titicaca.

What is the climate like in Peru?

Peru has a diverse climate due to its varied geography, with coastal deserts, Andean mountains, and Amazon rainforest. The climate ranges from tropical in the Amazon to arid in the coastal regions.

What are some traditional Peruvian dishes?

Some traditional Peruvian dishes include ceviche, lomo saltado, and causa rellena.

What are some important cultural events in Peru?

Some important cultural events in Peru include Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun), Fiestas Patrias (Independence Day), and the Lord of Miracles procession.

What are some of the natural wonders in Peru?

Some natural wonders in Peru include the Colca Canyon, the Huacachina oasis, and the Rainbow Mountain.